Thursday, January 30, 2020
Liberalism and Colonialism Essay Example for Free
Liberalism and Colonialism Essay Liberalism is both egalitarian and inegalitarian, it stresses both the unity of mankind and the hierarchy of cultures, it is both tolerant and intolerant, peaceful and violent, pragmatic and dogmatic, skeptical and self-righteous. Bhikhu Parekh examines the writing of John Locke and John Stuart Mill, two of greatest liberal philosophers. Locke state that the Indians had cultivated and lived on their land for centuries and it was their ‘rightful inheritance’. He asked the English settlers for information about the Indian way of life, and built up an impressive collection of books dealing with the European exploration of the Americas. The Indian way of life offered a realistic contrast to, and provided most valuable insights into, the nature and structure of political society. Locke’s analysis of the nature of reason was complex and inconsistent, by and large he thought that it analysed and reflected on the sense impressions, perceived similarities and dissimilarities between different events and entities, traced their causes, and formed universally valid generalizations. Locke analysed English colonialism in America in terms of his theory of man and society. He argued that since the American Indians roamed freely over the land and did not enclose it, it was not their land; they used it as one would use a common land, but they had no property in it. In Locke’s view, English colonization not only did them no harm, but also respected their natural rights and conferred on them great economic, moral, cultural, scientific and political benefits. Locke characterized two modes of colonization, one based on ‘conquest by sword’ and represented by Spanish, the other based on commerce and represented by the English. Whilst Locke’s principle of equality offer at least some moral protection to Indians, it offered them no political protection. Indians were entitled to equality as individuals, but not as an organized society. As individuals their basic rights and interests were to be fully protected. Locke defined equality, it obtained only between the civilized nations and placed the non-civilized societies outside the pale of international law and morality. For John Mill’s philosophical ideas, Europeans were interested primarily not so much in unburdening their surplus population and settling in these countries as in trade, commerce and olitical control. This new phase of colonialism usually called imperialism. For Mill, man was a progressive being whose ultimate destiny was to secure the fullest development of his intellectual, moral, aesthetic and other faculties. In Mill’s view, human beings had both a natural and a historically acquired tendency towards conformity, which only a few were able to fight successfully on their own. For Mill as for most other liberals, individuality represented human destiny, but it was not underwritten by and even went against some of deepest tendencies of human nature. Like Locke, Mill divided human societies into two, but his principle of classification was different. In some societies, which he called civilized, human beings were in the ‘maturity of their faculties’ and had ‘attained the capacity of being guided to their own improvement by conviction or persuasion. By contrast all non-European societies were ‘backward’, and human beings there were in a state of ‘nonage’ and ‘infancy’. Although Mill stressed the value of diversity, he defined its nature and permissible range in narrow terms. He linked diversity to individuality and choice, and valued the former only in so far as it was grounded in the individualist conception of man. It ruled out traditional and customary ways of life, as well as those centred on the community. More so than Locke, Mill condemned the racist arrogance of and the misuse of political power by the colonial bureaucrats and yet he had no difficulty sharing the colonial contempt for native cultures and approving of the violence used to dismantle them. Both Locke and Mill shared a firm belief in the equality of men and used it to justify and regulate colonial rule. And they also failed to understand the extremely complex relationship between human being and their cultures. Liberals do believe in equal respect for all human beings, but they find it difficult to accord equal respect to those who do not value autonomy, individuality, self-determination, choice, secularism, ambition, competition and the pursuit of wealth.
Wednesday, January 22, 2020
AMMONIUM NITRATE :: essays research papers
SCIENCE REPORT AMMONIUM NITRATE NH4NO3 Problem Our task was to investigate what the optimum ratio of solute to solvent that will produce the maximum cooling/heating effect? Hypothesis With a smaller quantity of water (50mls) and the same amount of Ammonium Nitrate added. After any period of time the mixture will be a cooler temperature than that of a mixture with a larger quantity of water. Variables „X     Water „X     Teaspoons „X     Time „X     Ammonium Nitrate „X     Thermometer „X     Stirring (used thermometer) „ «Ã‚     Changed/Uncontrolled Variables -     The amount of times the mixture was stirred. We stirred the mixture until the Ammonium Nitrate was dissolved, so the amount of times we stirred after each teaspoon was different. -     Each teaspoon may not have been equal. Measurements were made based on judgment and not exact measurements. „ «Ã‚     Controlled Variables -     Amount of water used in each test was equal (100mls and 50mls). -     Total amount of Ammonium Nitrate used (150grams). -     Temperature was measured after and exact time i.e. 1 minute, 2 minutes, 3 minutes. Equipment Trial test „X     1 thermometer „X     1 plastic teaspoon „X     Safety glasses „X     100ml beaker „X     30mls of water „X     1 teaspoon of Ammonium Nitrate „X     1 graduated cylinder „X     1 stirring rod First Test „X     1 thermometer „X     1 plastic teaspoon „X     1 stop watch „X     1 stirring rod „X     Safety glasses X3 (one for each group member) „X     250ml beaker „X     1 graduated cylinder „X     150 grams of Ammonium Nitrate „X     100mls of water Second Test „X     1 thermometer „X     1 plastic teaspoon „X     1 stop watch „X     1 stirring rod „X     Safety glasses X3 (one for each group member) „X     100ml beaker „X     1 graduated cylinder „X     leftover from original 150 grams of Ammonium Nitrate „X     50mls of water NOTE: The stirring rod was not used in the First and Second experiments, as it was not available. A substitute we used the thermometer. Methods Trial Test In a 100ml beaker 30mls of water was placed the temperature of the water was recorded. 1 teaspoon of Ammonium Nitrate was added to the water and stirred until dissolved. The temperature was then recorded again. This was to see the difference between the initial temperature and the final temperature. First Test In a 250ml beaker place 100mls of water, measure the temperature of the water and record this initial temperature onto a table. Set the timer and add one teaspoon of Ammonium Nitrate to the water, stir this continuously until the Ammonium Nitrate has dissolved. After 1 minute measure the temperature and record it, do this for a further 2 minutes (3 minutes in total). Repeat this process for a total of 10 teaspoons. Second Test In a 100ml beaker place 50mls of water, measure the temperature of the water and record this initial temperature onto a table. Set the timer and add one teaspoon of Ammonium Nitrate to the water, stir this continuously until the Ammonium Nitrate has dissolved. AMMONIUM NITRATE :: essays research papers SCIENCE REPORT AMMONIUM NITRATE NH4NO3 Problem Our task was to investigate what the optimum ratio of solute to solvent that will produce the maximum cooling/heating effect? Hypothesis With a smaller quantity of water (50mls) and the same amount of Ammonium Nitrate added. After any period of time the mixture will be a cooler temperature than that of a mixture with a larger quantity of water. Variables „X     Water „X     Teaspoons „X     Time „X     Ammonium Nitrate „X     Thermometer „X     Stirring (used thermometer) „ «Ã‚     Changed/Uncontrolled Variables -     The amount of times the mixture was stirred. We stirred the mixture until the Ammonium Nitrate was dissolved, so the amount of times we stirred after each teaspoon was different. -     Each teaspoon may not have been equal. Measurements were made based on judgment and not exact measurements. „ «Ã‚     Controlled Variables -     Amount of water used in each test was equal (100mls and 50mls). -     Total amount of Ammonium Nitrate used (150grams). -     Temperature was measured after and exact time i.e. 1 minute, 2 minutes, 3 minutes. Equipment Trial test „X     1 thermometer „X     1 plastic teaspoon „X     Safety glasses „X     100ml beaker „X     30mls of water „X     1 teaspoon of Ammonium Nitrate „X     1 graduated cylinder „X     1 stirring rod First Test „X     1 thermometer „X     1 plastic teaspoon „X     1 stop watch „X     1 stirring rod „X     Safety glasses X3 (one for each group member) „X     250ml beaker „X     1 graduated cylinder „X     150 grams of Ammonium Nitrate „X     100mls of water Second Test „X     1 thermometer „X     1 plastic teaspoon „X     1 stop watch „X     1 stirring rod „X     Safety glasses X3 (one for each group member) „X     100ml beaker „X     1 graduated cylinder „X     leftover from original 150 grams of Ammonium Nitrate „X     50mls of water NOTE: The stirring rod was not used in the First and Second experiments, as it was not available. A substitute we used the thermometer. Methods Trial Test In a 100ml beaker 30mls of water was placed the temperature of the water was recorded. 1 teaspoon of Ammonium Nitrate was added to the water and stirred until dissolved. The temperature was then recorded again. This was to see the difference between the initial temperature and the final temperature. First Test In a 250ml beaker place 100mls of water, measure the temperature of the water and record this initial temperature onto a table. Set the timer and add one teaspoon of Ammonium Nitrate to the water, stir this continuously until the Ammonium Nitrate has dissolved. After 1 minute measure the temperature and record it, do this for a further 2 minutes (3 minutes in total). Repeat this process for a total of 10 teaspoons. Second Test In a 100ml beaker place 50mls of water, measure the temperature of the water and record this initial temperature onto a table. Set the timer and add one teaspoon of Ammonium Nitrate to the water, stir this continuously until the Ammonium Nitrate has dissolved.
Tuesday, January 14, 2020
Should the U.S. Increase Spending on the Space Program
Should the U. S. Government Increase Spending On The Space Program A group of children lie in the tall grass on a moonless night, staring in wonder up at the hundreds of diamond pinpoints glittering across the heavens. This peaceful scene could have taken place at any point in history, from the cave dwelling Neanderthal, to a family celebrating a warm summer evening together at a local park. The Heavens have always been a source of passionate fascination and wonderment for intelligent beings. Nearly every culture throughout known time has had legends about the heavens or the stars.In fact, to many cultures, Greek and Roman for example, the night skies were so magical that the heavens were the focal point of their creation myths. In more recent times, we have begun to be less superstitious about the star studded expanse above us, astrology aside, and begun to apply scientific fact and mathematical certainties to that very mysterious beyond. We began to have the technological advanceme nts that would make it possible to actually begin decoding the mysteries of, and then amazingly, foraying into that last frontier which culminated in the U. S. eing the only country to have ever put a man on the moon. So why did it essentially end there? Think about this, every time you use your smart phone, you are holding in the palm of your hand more technology than was used to navigate the first moon landing. Yet, despite our marked leaps forward in the applied sciences in the last fifteen years, which have the potential to make frequent, smaller scale, passenger accompanied space travel plausible and much safer, the space program in the United States seems to merit less and less government funding every passing year.So with all of space waiting to be discovered, decoded, and explored, why do we as a country, seem to be turning our backs on the space program? Arguments abound as to why the space program is a waste of our precious time, government resources and technology. Those opposed to the space program argue that the funds used to put equipment into orbit around the earth and used to build space shuttles and design rocket fuel powerful enough to launch hundreds of thousands of pounds of metal tens of thousands of miles, hould instead be used to revitalize a sluggish economy, fix our severely inadequate public education system or be used to fund research geared toward helping to reverse some of the damage mankind has done to the planet we already inhabit. Proponents of shutting down space programs completely and diverting funds elsewhere also make points that if we had these brilliant minds working on projects like the U. S. Infrastructure or clean energy instead of frittering away their talents on useless space projects, that we could quickly solve some very large problems facing our country.Most of these arguments are well thought out and make very valid points however, they seem to miss the fact that our way of life would be very different if NASA ha d never existed. Take for example during the early Apollo missions. NASA scientists realized that they needed better, clearer pictures of the moons surface in order to determine if landing a man on the moon was even a feasible idea. They put their heads together and in the 1960's they came up with digital image processing. A revolutionary step in technology that would allow the scientists to use computers to enhance pictures of the moons surface.Soon after the discovery this technology exploded on the scene in the medical industry as medical researchers discovered that they could modify NASA's technology to better see organs in the human body without surgery. These breakthroughs are still used today. We know them as Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) and Computed Tomography (CT) scans which save millions of lives every single year. Speaking of lives, another lifesaving device came from modified NASA technology, though not in the medical field.An engineer saw the massive rocket launche rs that propel massive spacecrafts into deep space and it gave him an idea. He approached the government with the idea and was granted permission to partner with and research his vision. In a few short years they has modified the rocket propulsion system, minimized it and it is now used across the united states to fight fires. It propels the water at such a high pressure that it has revolutionized putting out fires. It's quicker, safer and it also wastes no precious water.Even our comfort levels have been raised due to NASA's research. They needed something to reduce the bone jarring impact of spacecrafts landing. So they created a polyurethane, silicone, plastic blend to help protect astronauts and cargo. We know this today as memory foam and it is in everything from car seats to protect the most innocent among us to mattresses, motorcycle helmets, recliners and even Fido's bed. There are dozens, if not hundreds of examples of how space exploration technology vastly improved daily life in America.Even if you choose not to look at the way NASA launched the American people into a safer, more comfortable America you would have to be wearing blinders to not recognize how NASA launched the U. S. Into the lead politically. The space race between the United States and the Soviet Union had it's origins in the missile based Arms Race that occurred at the end of World War II. The Space Race marked unprecedented spending on education and pure research which accelerated scientific advancement at a rate previously unheard of.In other words, most of the technology we have today in the United States as well as the comfortable way that we live is due to NASA and to our govenrment investing well in the future of its future generations. Spending on both programs has been cut steeply in the last fifteen years and we have had little new technology advance and also we are generating graduates that are unskilled for the hightech jobs and positions that need to be filled in order t o keep the U. S. Advancing forward.Take a look at the numbers. In 1012 NASA was allocated 18. 7 Billion from the Federal Government. I know that sounds huge but it's actually less then 1% of the entire U. S. Budget. 69. 8 billion went to education and that's obviously a lot more than NASA's funding but if you look at the bigger picture the Defense got 670 billion. To put it another way, science, advancement and technology received less than one percent of the nations budget. Education is doing a bit better at nearly five percent but Defense?That's almost twenty seven percent of our nations budget. I think we as a society need to come together and ask our government to help us launch America forward again by investing in out space programs. After all, as The President of the United States himself said â€Å"For pennies on the dollar, the space program has improved our lives, advanced our society, strengthened our economy, and inspired generations of Americans. †I would ask hi m to ensure that that never stops.
Sunday, January 5, 2020
Ap Us History Definitions - 1466 Words
Early Native Peoples of America †¢Anasazi – They were a cultural group of people during the Pueblo I and II Eras. During their time, corn was introduced to society, and the ideas of nomadic hunters and gatherers were present. Their crafts and houses still stand today, which plays an important role in the advancement of architecture and craftsmanship. †¢Aztecs – The Aztecs were a native group centered in Mexico, and thrived between the 14th and 16th centuries. They had a huge impact on modern day through their advancement of the calendar (including leap years), and religious practices that would spread to influence other belief systems in the future. †¢Cahokia – Cahokia is the area where an ancient city was created during older times.†¦show more content†¦Although there were some negative effects from the exchange, such as the introduction of smallpox to the western hemisphere, the overall impact that the â€Å"Great Exchange†had on the world was much more positive, and by far one of the largest examples of cultural diffusion. †¢Conquistadors – Conquistadors were Spanish or Portuguese explorers, who would sail to areas across the world (mostly new areas in the western hemisphere) and conquer those territories. The influence this had on cultural diffusion was huge because of the new trade routes developed by this, and the interaction between the native people and European peoples. †¢Dutch West India Company – The Dutch West India Company was made up of Dutch merchants, and its focus was on trading and colonization. One example and contribution to what the Dutch West India Company was responsible for is the founding of New Netherland. †¢encomiendas – The encomienda system was one of the first (indirect) examples of slavery. Although it was not straight up slavery, its elements were very similar. The king would appoint a number of natives to a person who would then be responsible for them. By protecting them, and teaching them (as if they had a choice) the ways of Catholic religion and how to speak Spanish, they could then use those natives for labor. This influenced many later forms of slavery. †¢Headright System – Originally, the headright system was used in order to fix the shortage of laborers. A person whoShow MoreRelatedMy Experience At The University Of Oklahoma1363 Words  | 6 PagesAccording to the literal definition, hard work is a broad term that encompasses a vast amount of the human population. I believe that the term is thrown around so often that it has almost become meaningless. In my mind, hard work is throwing yourself into difficult situations and remaining both dedicated and determined to conquer the task. Although the desired outcome is not always reached, hard work remains an important value that allows us to show our full potential. I have been constantly putRead MoreSocial Media and the Law1571 Words  | 7 Pagesdormant war created a need for technological advances and led to the idea of a â€Å"Galactic Network†(Brief History of the Internet). 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