empowerment is essential to increase productivity among employee - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 6 Words: 1765 Downloads: 10 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Statistics Essay Did you like this example? 1.Preliminary title: Empowerment is essential to increase productivity among employee. 2.Research purpose: The out come of employee empowerment in service industry can bring long-term success. The purpose of this research is to analysis and achieves depth knowledge and understanding on employee empowerment in the context of service industry by comparing the perspective of manager and employee. And provide suggestions to service industry how to gain more productively through empower the employee. This result will be obtained by testing the efficiency of the employee empowerment variables. The earlier discussion on employee empowerment in the service industry has lead to the main research question. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "empowerment is essential to increase productivity among employee" essay for you Create order How employee can be empowered for increasing productivity? What competitive advantage employee empowerment can bring for the company? 3.Rational On this era, the arrival of an information-based, knowledge-intensive, service driven economy has forced a massive of change on companies worldwide, most dramatically in the way they must redefine their relationship with their employees (Bartlett 2002). Hill and Huq (2004) argued that specifically, it emanated from the realization that traditional hierarchical command and control organizations were struggling to meet the growing demands for flexibility and demands for flexibility and quality. The employees respond most excellent and creatively not when management does tightly control them, placed in narrowly defined job and treated like unwelcoming necessity. But instead, when they are given broader responsibilities, and encouraged to contribute and help to take satisfaction in their jobs (Walton 1985). Thats why now a day, employee of organization and how management manages them are becoming more important because many other source of competitive success is less powerful than they o nce were. Traditional sources of success- technology, protected or regulated market, access to financial resource and economies of scale can still provide competitive advantage, but to a lesser degree now than in the past, leaving organizational culture and capabilities, derived from how people are managed, as comparatively more vital (Henry and Maryle, 2002). As, organizations sustainable competitive advantage is its people that why management need to engage all the human resource to active companys long time success. In the modern world Empowerment is one of the key tools, which a manager can use frequently to involve and manage organizations people to achieve competitive advantage. As Campbell (2009,p8) pointed out that People are your most valuable asset. To get the most out of employees, empower is essential. 4.Literature review: 4.1.What is employee empowerment? The aim of Empowerment to create a culture where employee have freedom to express themselves and have the liberty to make decisions about how they work, where there is always the opportunity to give constructive feedback, and where everyone is equal and approachable (Beaven 2009). So Empowerment implies give up central control, which will encourage speed, flexibility and determination of the employee. According to Campbell (2009), main meaning of empower employees is to give up some aspects of control. In return for giving up that control, managers will have more scope and time to look at the big picture and engage in strategic thinking. Styhre (2001) illustrated that empowermentis depicted by its proponents as the common denominator for recent managerial techniques and activities that acknowledge the individual employee as an intelligent, accountable, creative being, and therefore a productive resource for the company. Lashley (1997) argued that it is intended that through empowerme nt employees will be more committed to successful service encounters and will have the necessary discretion and autonomy to do whatever is needed to satisfy the customer. 4.2 .How to apply empowerment to increase productivity among employee? Different organizations choose to empower their employees to different degrees; at the lowest level empowerment the employee has no autonomy to take decision. On the other hand, at the highest level the employee is given decision-making authority and can control their own performances( Daft ,2001). All these employees are often able to affect organizational goals, structure, as well as reward systems. In order to empower employees, four different factors are Important. Those different factor work as an element to empower employee. Which will give the employees space to act more independently in accomplishing their jobs. According to Daft (2000) those are: information, knowledge, power and rewards. Information: In any organizations where the employees are fully empowered, no information about the company is held secret for employee. Thats why employees must receive every information about the performance of the company. 2.Knowledge: Before and after empowering employees every company need to give training for increasing knowledge and skills of employee. Which build up their problem solving decision-making capability. As by having power of knowledge and skills, an employee can be able to contribute to the goals of the company. Power: To make substantial decisions, employees must have the power. Which will increase employee involvement, confidante. Rewarding: The employees need to get rewarded on the basis their performances and companys performance. The employees can be more committed towards the company by having true appreciation through psychologically and physically. 4.3.Advantages: According to the literature, empowerment bring many positive result for the company like, quicker response to customer, communication and teamwork, employee satisfaction and increase their working value, reduce costs and economic profits, involvement, customer satisfaction/ recovery, increased employee efficiency, customer loyalty and new innovative idea for the organization (Campbell, 2009; Beaven, 2009; Bowen Lawler, 2002; Styhre ,2001; Lashley, 1997). Empowered employee is more productive, psychologically and physically healthy, proactive and innovative, persistent in the work place, trustworthy, interpersonally efficient, intrinsically motivated, and have higher morale and commitment than employee who are not empowered (Whitten , 2007). Earlier literature review has illustrated that empowerment can play a very vital rule in order to increases productivity among employees. Research need to be taken in order to gain better understanding this phenomenon on the context of present service industry. Now, research method need to chosen in order to complete the research successfully. 5.Research Methodology 5.1.Research approach Rossman and Rallis (2003) stated that there are two different research methods that are frequently used when researchers are about to conduct research: the qualitative and the quantitative method. A quantitative method is mostly concern with measurements and to generalize the result.This means that qualitative research mostly humanistic research, which makes it possible to interpret as well as understand a phenomenon. The purpose of this research is to analysis and achieves depth knowledge and understanding on employee empowerment in the context of service industry by comparing the perspective of manager and employee. And provide suggestions to service industry to gain more productively through empower the employee. As this is a humanistic research qualitative approach will be very effective to do in-depth investigation. 5.2.Sampling The researcher will select two service-oriented company to carry on sampling process. The reason for exploring different venues is to gather valuable data from different source. The method of contact to manager of relevant company for arranging interview session with manager and employee will through face-to-face, phone, or e-mail. 5.3.Data collection method According to Silverman (2001), there are four main methods used in qualitative research are: Observation Analyzing texts and documents Interviews Recordings and transcribing. The data will be conducted for the research in two distinct stages by the researcher to carry on this research. A short period of observation there will be done in the first stage. Marshall and Rossman (1999) demonstrated that observation entails the systematic nothing and recording of events, behaviours and artifact (objects) in the social setting chose for the study. At the second stage of the data collection will be involved a series of semi-structured, in-depth face to face interview with employee and manager with in selected organization. 5.4.Data analysis procedures: Marshall and Rossman (1999) suggest that data analysis is the process of bringing order, structure and interpretation to the mass of collected data. Miles (1994) have demonstrated two models for analysis. The first one is researcher can analyze a separate case (within-case analysis). Then presents results by creating tables, checklists and matrix around collected, qualitative data by comparing the theory with empirical data in these tables and checklists. It will be easy to see similarities and differences on this model. At The second model, the researcher compares the results from different cases in a cross-case analysis. Researcher will follow the first model where comparison will be made between literature and empirical data which be collected from manager and employee. The comparison will be done in order to identify patterns that would similar or different from the theory or literature. 5.5.Data capture At the time of depth face-to-face interviews with interviewees, research will use voice recorder that he can give more attention on interview. Then researcher will transcribe date fordata analysis procedure, it has probable that the result would bring more accuracy. 5.6.Reliability and validity To ensure reliability and validity, every face-to-face interview will be recorded and transcribed. Silverman, D (2001) argued that the quality of recording and transcripts has important implications on the reliability of conversation analytical research. For this reason, every transcription will be coded. 5.7.Proposed time schedule Assuming 12 weeks of period has allocated for conducting this masters research. Following this a proposed time schedule would be as follow: Period Activity 1st 2 week Initial literature review Next 2 week Complete participant observation Next 4 week Arrange and conduct interviews; transcribe and analyse interview data Next 2 Literature and further analysis of data Rest of the week Write up and submit completed thesis Reference: Bartlett, Christopher A., Ghoshal and Sumantra (2002). BuildingCompetitiveAdvantage ThroughPeople. MIT Sloan Management Review. Vol. 43 Issue 2.pp.34-41. Beaven, D.2009. People make the difference.Logistics Transport Focus. Vol. 11 Issue 6, pp45-47. Bowen, D.E. and Lawler, E.E. 2002. The empowerment of service workers: What, why, how and when. In: Henry. J and Mayle.D.ed. Managing innovation and change, Open University Business School, in association with sage, pp.243-273. Campbell, G.2009.Employee Empowerment. Quality.Vol.48 Issue 4, p 8. Daft, R. 2001. Organization Theory and Design, 7th Edition. South-Western College. Thompson Learning. Henry, J., Mayle, D.2002. Managing innovation and change. Open University Business School, in association with SAGE.pp61-73. Hill, F., Huq, R.2004. Employee Empowerment: Conceptualizations, Aims and Outcomes. Total Quality Management and Business Excellence, Vol. 15 Issue 8, pp1025-1041. Lashley, C.1999.Empowering service excellence in service. London: Cassell Publications. Miles, M.1994.Qualitative data analysis: an expanded sourcebook / Matthew B Miles. : Sage Publications, Inc. Marshall, C. and Rossman, G.B .1999. Designing Qualitative Research. 3rd Ed.London; Sage Publications. Rossman, B. G. Rallis F. S. 2003. Learning in the Field: An Introduction to Qualitative Research.2nd ed. California: Sage Publications, Inc. Silverman, D .2001. Interpreting Qualitative data, Methods for Analyzing talk text and Interaction. 2nd Ed.sage London, p.14. Walton, Richard E.1985. Fromcontroltocommitmentintheworkplace. Harvard Business Review, Vol. 63 Issue 2. pp77-84. Whetten, David A and Cameron, Kim S.2008. Developing management skills. 7th edition, Prentice hall.

Slaughterhouse Five The Atypical Novel - 1044 Words

Slaughterhouse Five: the Atypical Novel Most great novels traditionally have one dynamic character with a strong personality that embarks on a prolonged pilgrimage. This character s demeanor or life is changed forever as a result of an event or obstacle they are forced to overcome. However; Kurt Vonnegut s Slaughterhouse Five breaks the mold of a traditional novel and blazes forward in a new and bizarre path. He uses a diverse cast of subordinate characters to make certain symbolic representations. Roland Weary, Paul Lazaro, and Edgar Derby are three minor characters in the story; while different they serve to demonstrate the ideas of hatred, greed, and patriotism. Hatred is a poison constantly polluting the thoughts and actions of society and its inhabitants. As a result, hatred plays a big symbolic role in the book. Two characters act to personify hatred; these characters are Roland Weary and Paul Lazaro. An ever-burning hatred influences both men s behavior. Weary’s animosity stems from the treatment he received during his younger years. In his youth, â€Å"He was unpopular because he was stupid and fat and mean, and he smelled like bacon no matter how much he washed(Vonnegut 44), causing other local kids to pick on and ditch him. The relentless mistreatment of his peers forced him to make a coping mechanism that involved his preying on those who were weaker than him. This coping mechanism followed him even through the war. During the war, he met two scouts and formed an

International Advertising free essay sample

Advertising spending is on the rise, as study a show that in the US, $1 billion was spent on advertising during 2006 alone. A review built by the accounting firm PricewaterhouseCoopers that same year stated that the worldwide advertising expenditure was at $billion. What is Global Advertising? Terminology such as international, global, export and multinational has caused some problems when mentioned along with advertising. Some of this is due to the facts that that some organizations produce and market their products in a range of countries and have some form of subsidiaries there. This has caused some of them to focus solely on export from their home country or the country of manufacture, some impasses perform their marketing abroad largely through franchisees and licensees; whilst some engage in both forms together. Global advertising is therefore defined as the advertising activities of any profit or non-profit organization in more than one country. (http://en. Wisped. Erg/wick/ Advertising#Gibbon_advertising) Factors That Affect Global Advertising Standardization Vs. Customization This is a problematic issue that organizations face whether to standardize their advertisements to a single message for all the countries they advertise, r try and adapt them in so they can be tolerated and meet the requirements of the variety of markets globally. Standardization Standardization is about considering the world as one whole market, ignoring the fact that there could be cultural, national and regional differences, and advertising a companys message in the same manner in all countries.By doing this they are targeting similar consumers in each state, all with similar buying trends and attitudes. There are a few advantages of this approach, one being that it doesnt need that much if any advertising research in imprison to customization, which in turn is cheaper to manage, and requires less work to be done overall. This means that one message is used to transpire a companys message. Arguments that are for this include: -In recent times the world seems to be adapting to similar lifestyles and behaviors. This is very common in developed countries.However, countries like India and China have even adapted to more westernizes living traits, especially in their main developed cities. This shows that in International Marketing, peoples lifestyles and behaviors are important factors to consider. The worlds population is now seemingly becoming more and more similar in terms of living traits, especially in the more developed countries, which could come to benefit marketers where they can market similar products and services without having to tailor it. The world we live in continues to urbanism, so more and more people are moving from bucolic areas into cities to work.This allows them to implement similar attitudes and lifestyles to each other, even though they may live in different states. This again shows that people are now moving out of rural areas to cities, where hey work in similar environments to people all around the world. The world is becoming similar in this aspect and in terms of International Marketing it shows that marketers consider this a beneficial as people are now more likely to develop similar trends. Media has now become much internationaliza tion, which has in turn given people similar outlooks, even though they live in different countries. The youth culture, for example, is similar across different countries. This is because they all seem to read the same magazines, watch the same programmed or movies, and dress up similarly too. This eventually grows with them, as they take these similarities in to their later life, so they will end up following these similar trends. This is beneficial to companies, as it could help in the development in their international marketing strategies. The youth are the adults of tomorrow, so companies like Pepsi like to focus on the youth as they will end up being the adults, hopefully taking the mindset of purchasing the product with them.An example of standardization is that of Red Bull, who worldwide use the same adverts and slogans, which is that Red Bull gives you wings! This is because there is a similar target market as they are seeking middle-class individuals, teens to adults, to buy the product. Another example is that Of Birdseed Fish-fingers which use the same Captain Birdseed c haracter in all of their commercials worldwide. This is due to the fact that it is culturally respectful, and is inoffensive to people religious beliefs or a governments political agenda.The only aspect that changes in these commercials is the language voice-over. In terms of international marketing, standardization is an important factor, which many organizations choose to SE in advertising promotion and production. This is due to the fact that it is a much cheaper tool to use, and is less time consuming and complicated as they only have to create one or two approaches to market penetration. An example of standardization in production side of marketing is Range-Rover, who produces the same type of cars for countries worldwide.Customization Customization is the opposite of standardization, basically considering that there are factors in different markets, especially in international markets that force companies to adapt their product or campaign to a different country or racket segment. The main problem with customization is that it would cost more due to the fact that adverts would have to be modified for the different market segments. These are the factors to why customization should be used in international advertising: Cultural differences between the countries. This could be due to their way of living or religious beliefs.Countries in the middle-east for example, have different culture views on women in society, where they are not allowed to dress indecently. Commercial like LOreal, which use women to promote their shampoos, would not go well with some f the people living there. That commercial may do something called changes in symbols, which means changing (in this circumstance) a woman to a man to promote their products. Because International Marketing is about what a company performs in markets outside its core region, culture is a main aspect they always have to take in consideration.Knowing the cultures of different regions could help create a desire for a product. In 1 998, Coca Cola made a commercial directed at the Muslims, who fast for a month called Ramadan. This commercial was shown in all Islamic countries, showing the importance f charity, which was of collective importance to all Islamic regions. Coca Colas agency, McCann Erickson, used their marketing strategies to help them understand the culture behind Ramadan, and used that to tailor an advertisement. Complications in language translation.It isnt always easy to just simply translate what an advert is saying as it could then have a whole different meaning. This is why firms should always check with the correct people, if the correct message is being put across. Pepsi -Cola, for example, founds that its slogan Come alive, youre the Pepsi Generation had a impolitely different meaning when translated into some countries, laying the slogan across as Pepsi brings you back from the dead! Language translations should be done with caution in marketing. They should be monitored and checked by the right people that the message portrays what a company is trying to mention. Mediumistic had to rename its Pagers model in Spain, because when translated it meant a masturbating man. They renamed the model to Mentor. Lack of media coverage. In some countries, the media costs are higher, and the information needed for the media was poor. Advertisers relying on television advertisements may have to rethink their strategy when going to countries like Sweden, where they dont have commercial television.In Denmark, where they have recently allowed television advertising, the media cost were extremely high. Sometimes the wait for a position on the advertising stage takes a while, and they have to wait, which can particularly be negative especially if marketing a product for a particular season, I. E. Christmas. This shows the reliance of marketers on having to do some market research before they go into unknown territories. This will in turn help in the development in their marketing strategies, where they can achieve their goal in persuading a customer to buy a particular brand or product. Political Issues. This is critical to organizations, as they could end up facing legal action or more if they disobey laws and regulations on advertising set by countries. Some countries for example, in 2002, Tobacco advertising was banned in the ELK, and in 2005, this was spread to the whole of Europe, where tobacco advertising was banned in the print media, radio and the internet. Tobacco companies would have to refrain from using those Edie types, but would have to revert to cinemas, billboards or merchandising.There are also certain countries where it is against the law to criticism your competition in your adverts, so organization would need to be aware if these laws are in place. Politics is important in the practice of International Marketing as it could ensure a companys well-being with the country they are advertising in. They could also refrain from facing legal action, which normally comes with the problem of having to pay hefty fines. They could also be banned from showcasing future adverts or even banning the product as a whole.Customization is probably more effective as a whole in International Marketing. The practice of International Marketing is about marketing across international frontiers so when we think international, we have to consider factors such as culture, religion, language and politics. This is due to the fact that the world is not so homogeneous as we like to think, and even though we may have similar traits, there are some differences which on a whole could mean the difference of whether a marketing strategy works or fails. Conclusion Standardization of advertising is therefore very difficult to carry out.It may seem the better option in terms of saving money on advertisements, but on the long -run it may have an reverse effect as sometimes there are legal restrictions that require changes in the copy or make certain media unavailable, but mostly due to the difference in language, culture, politics or distribution Systems. However, customization should be done with caution. Company sees should ensure that their marketing strategies are properly reviewed and they coul d seek help from large multinational agencies such as Chitchats Chitchats or McCann-Erickson.Advertising is linked to one of the segments of the marketing mix (ups) which is promotion. This is probably the most important segment of it as it is the image of the organization which is put at focus. International Marketing is about expanding the marketing mix into the international stage, so companies do have to consider whether to stick to their current marketing by way of standardizing or consider the factors that come into to place byway of customizing. The practice of International Marketing is all about looking at these factors, and contemplating whether to consider them in their marketing strategies.

The Beat Generation Essay Example For Students

The Beat Generation Essay The beat movement is a literary period born out of World War II. This movement in American Literature has become an important period in the history of literature and society in America. Characterized by personal alienation and contempt for convention, the movement celebrated stylistic freedom and spontaneity. The Beat writers created a new vision of modern life and altered the nature of awareness in America. The Beat Generation was one of the first groups of writers to break down the barriers of traditional literature and set a precedent for future writers with their writing style, their way of life, and by the messages they portrayed. They were the kids dressed in black, hanging out at coffee shops, reading their latest poetry. They protested wars, were drug users, and openly expressed homosexuality, as they expressed every aspect of their life candidly. But, the Beats are best known for their writing style. It was unique for that time to cast aside conventional structures of senten ces and poetry. They used dashes instead of commas and periods; to write the way a person hears speech. Their poetry had a style of its own, unknown to any other groups of poets at the time; no rhyming, no structure, and non-conforming beauty. The Beat writers formed in New York City, started with only a few members, but grew to have an impact on American society, especially in literature and politics, which still lasts today. Jack Kerouac and Allen Ginsberg were the founders of the Beat Generation. They not only started a new style of American literature but ignited the rebellion against social conformity in the 1950s through their poems of social and political criticisms. Ginsbergs work often represents a struggle for spiritual survival in a dehumanized, repressive society. This can be seen in his writing of Howl:I saw the best minds of my generation destroyed by madness, starving hysterical naked, dragging themselves through the Negro streets at dawn looking for an angry fix, angelheaded hipsters burning for the ancient heavenly connection to the starry dynamo in the machinery of night. This poem is sometimes referred to as a violent howl of human anguish. It attacks the forces of conformity and mechanization that Ginsberg believed destroyed the best minds of his generation. This poem has no real structure or rational connection of ideas, and the rules of grammar are abandoned in order to pack imagery into one line. The poem points the way toward a new and better existence, chronicling the pilgrimage of the mad generation toward a reality that is timeless and placeless, holy and eternal. Jack Kerouac was not only a leader of the Beat movement in literature, but also a spokesman. Kerouacs major writings are loosely organized and autobiographical. Many describe his wanderings throughout the United Sates, Mexico, and Europe. Like the other works of Beat writers, Kerouacs novels emphasized spiritual liberation through sex, drugs, and the Asian religion called Zen. According to Kerouac, who was the first writer to use the term Beat Generation, the word beat had various definitions and connotations for the writers. Despair over the beaten state of the individual in mass society, belief in the beatitude, or blessedness of the natural world and in the powers of the beat jazz music and poetry. Later in the 1950s, the term beatnik was referred to the people who held the ideas and attitudes of the Beat writers. Kerouacs most famous novel, On The Road, is an account of several Beat characters that travel across the United States in search of personal fulfillment, living a beaten lifestyle. The novel celebrates the freedom from conventional responsibilities, the emotional intensity of a life of hitchhiking, casual sex, and recreational drug use. This novel was the start of the Beat Generations journey into Americas attention as journalists gave it much press, which for the most part was negative. Many classical and traditional literary scholars and poets disliked this New Art literature and lifestyle that Kerouac wrote about. Poet George Barker comically writes how he feels about Kerouacs works:Now Jack, dear JackThat aint fair wagesFor laboring throughProse that takes agesJust to announceThat Gods and MenOught to StudyThe Book of ZenIf you really thinkSo low of the soulWhy dont you writeOn a toilet roll?However, the Beat poetry and literature that scholars once scorned are now a part of college curricula. The accomplishments of the two original beat writers were not easily acquired. Jack Kerouac and Allen Ginsberg were forced to overcome endless social obs tacles in order to accomplish their journey of liberation. Although these two writers faced much criticism and even severe condemnation, they never once gave into the America that would not listen to them.The Beat Generation writers gave us insight into the attitude and way of life in the sensitive period after World War II. They broke down the boundaries of conventional literature for future writers. The Beat Generation is truly something to applaud for its boldness and addition to the thought of the American mind.STANDARD BIBLIOGRAPHY1999 World Book, Inc. .u0b5bcc7d3ed3ea6e4b71a8d7bc6afe14 , .u0b5bcc7d3ed3ea6e4b71a8d7bc6afe14 .postImageUrl , .u0b5bcc7d3ed3ea6e4b71a8d7bc6afe14 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u0b5bcc7d3ed3ea6e4b71a8d7bc6afe14 , .u0b5bcc7d3ed3ea6e4b71a8d7bc6afe14:hover , .u0b5bcc7d3ed3ea6e4b71a8d7bc6afe14:visited , .u0b5bcc7d3ed3ea6e4b71a8d7bc6afe14:active { border:0!important; } .u0b5bcc7d3ed3ea6e4b71a8d7bc6afe14 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u0b5bcc7d3ed3ea6e4b71a8d7bc6afe14 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u0b5bcc7d3ed3ea6e4b71a8d7bc6afe14:active , .u0b5bcc7d3ed3ea6e4b71a8d7bc6afe14:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u0b5bcc7d3ed3ea6e4b71a8d7bc6afe14 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u0b5bcc7d3ed3ea6e4b71a8d7bc6afe14 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u0b5bcc7d3ed3ea6e4b71a8d7bc6afe14 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u0b5bcc7d3ed3ea6e4b71a8d7bc6afe14 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u0b5bcc7d3ed3ea6e4b71a8d7bc6afe14:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u0b5bcc7d3ed3ea6e4b71a8d7bc6afe14 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u0b5bcc7d3ed3ea6e4b71a8d7bc6afe14 .u0b5bcc7d3ed3ea6e4b71a8d7bc6afe14-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u0b5bcc7d3ed3ea6e4b71a8d7bc6afe14:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Survey Of Romantic Versus Realism Paintings Essay PaperThis Is The Beat Generation, http://www.charm.net/~brooklyn/Texts/ThisIsBeatGen.html. Beat Movement, http://people.tamu.edu./~alethaa/beat.html

A Good Man Is Hard To Find Essays (1393 words) -

A Good Man Is Hard To Find A Look at Flannery OConnors A Good Man is Hard to Find By Amy Carr In the short story A Good Man is Hard to Find, Flannery OConnor uses many different tactics to accurately portray the south in the 1950s. OConnor uses her style, themes, and point of view to tell a story of a family outing gone wrong. The story involves a grandmother, her only son and his wife, and their two bratty children, June Star and John Wesley. On their way to Florida, the grandmother convinces the family to detour to see an old house, and while heading towards their destination, the car overturns. The much-feared criminal, The Misfit, an escaped murderer, encounters the family, and offers to help them. The Grandmother immediately notices the man as The Misfit, and verbally acknowledges that fact. Youre The Misfit! she said. I recognized you at once! (p. 687) The Misfit has the husband and son killed relatively quickly, and even after much conversation and pleading, he kills the rest of the family. A Good Man is Hard to Find includes a lot of character development, a unique point of view, and the use of foreshadowing. OConnor does this through her characters, setting, and details in the story. The grandmother is a classic old southern woman, who is eccentric and who may come off as a racist. However, the woman may not be racist, but rather just naive and too set in her ways to deal with the changes present at the time. As the grandmother said, Oh look at that cute little pickaninny! Wouldnt that make a picture now? (p. 681) When OConnor was writing she might not have meant to show that the grandmother was a racist, but rather just that she was out of tune with the rest of the world. The grandmother was also portrayed as Christian, one who was displeased with others who did not act in a Christian manner, and with the society as a whole. She discusses this with Red Sammy, a restaurant owner and war veteran. Red Sammy said Everything is getting terrible. I remember the day you co uld go off and leave your screen door unlatched. Not no more. (p.683) OConnor often shows through the story the degeneration of the nuclear family. She does this not only through the incident at Red Sammys, but also through the child characters, John Wesley and June Star. The father, Bailey, tends to ignore the grandmother, and has failed to teach his children respect and manners. The children began to yell and scream that they wanted to see the house with the secret panel. Jon Wesley kicked the back of the front seat and June Star hung over her mothers shoulder and whined desperately into her ear that they never had any fun even on their vacation, that they could never do what they wanted to do. The baby began to scream and John Wesley kicked the back of the seat so hard that his father could feel the blows in his kidney.(p. 684) The children were so obnoxious and had so little regard for the their elders or themselves, that even in the event of the accident, the children were only excited, and rather disappointed with the outcome. Weve had an accident! the children screamed in a frenzy of delight. But nobodys killed, June Star said with disappointment, as the grandmother limped out of the car. (p. 686) In addition to the demise of the nuclear family, OConnor also shows the elimination of morals, religion, and kindness within people. The grandmother is religious only when she needs to be and its convenient. This becomes evident when they encounter The Misfit. The grandmother uses her religion as a reason to plead for her life with The Misfit, and The Misfit uses her religion as a reason to kill. She [the grandmother] finally found herself saying Jesus, Jesus, meaning, Jesus will help you, but the way she was saying it, it sounded as if she might be cursing. (p. 690) This statement struck The Misfit and he took the statement as a reason to join in on a discussion. Jesus threw everything off balance. It was the same case

Presidency of the U.S essays

Presidency of the U.S essays In every country have different forms of government regarding to their political system. In the United States, we have presidential form of government. The president of the United States is the most powerful and influential man in the world. He is also the symbolic of nation and the worlds most famous celebrity. The entire nation makes the relationship with the president. People love him, trust him and choose him to be the leader of the country. Good or bad things of a country depend on the leadership of the president. So the presidency of the United States is the most important thing of America political system in many ways. Studying the presidency give me a lot of help to understand the American political system. First of all I have learned the qualification of a president. To become a president, a person must be 35 years old, natural born US citizens and 14 years of residence in the US. There is no basic need of educational status and intelligence or wealth. By looking the history of former presidents, they came from different background. So I see clearly that any person can become the president as long as he or she meets basic need and people vote for that person. Then I also learn about the election of the president. In the United Stated, presidents are chosen through the Electro College, as it has senators and representatives combined. On the Election Day, the votes within each state are added up and the candidate with the most votes receives all that states votes in the Electoral College. When the counting has been done in each state, the number of electoral college votes for each candidate is added up. If any candidate has a majority of at least 270 votes, he becomes a president. I also learn that the power of a president. President represents both head of the government and the chief of the states. And he has both three solo powers and power with the consent of senate. Although the president has full control ...

Quantitative reasoning Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Quantitative reasoning - Essay Example Tar coats the lungs, nicotine damages the nerve cells and carbon monoxide reduces the oxygen carrying capacity of the blood. During pregnancy everything in a woman’s blood stream is transferred to the baby through the placenta and umbilical cord. The placenta and umbilical cord cannot filter out the poisonous carbon monoxide and nicotine, as a result, the toxins directly reach the blood stream of the unborn baby. Because of this the normal growth of the baby is hampered resulting in a low birth weight baby. Such babies have serious illnesses and breathing disorders and have to be kept in a newborn intensive care unit (NICU). Low birth weight can be due to poor growth before birth, preterm delivery or both reasons together. As the studies by the US Public Health Service say, in 2004, 11.9 percent of the babies born to smokers in the United States had low birth weight compared to 7.2 percent of babies born to non smokers. Compared to non smoking mothers, smoking mothers have an increased risk of premature rupture of the membrane ie the sac that holds the baby inside the uterus breaks earlier than 37 weeks of pregnancy resulting in the birth of a premature baby. Consequently premature and low birth weight babies have an increased risk of chronic lifelong disabilities like cerebral palsy, mental retardation and learning problems. Premature babies may have underdeveloped lungs and brains and stand poor chance of survival in the early months after birth. In one of the recent studies as stated in an article of March of Dimes organization, women who smoke anytime during the month before pregnancy till the ending of the first trimester are more likely to deliver a baby with congenital heart defects. The risk increases with the increase in the number of cigarettes smoked. A 2003 study by the researchers of March of Dimes points that babies

Women in US politic society from 1950-2014 Essay

Women in US politic society from 1950-2014 - Essay Example Hanna counters the men’s criticism reiterating that her essay is not a myth and in the same context supports its logicality. The society anticipated change within a span of a hundred years. Traditional men dominance started at least 500 years ago with the women empowerment campaigns and programs giving the women confidence and courage to challenge men. The women gained courage and confidence to undertake the tasks perceived to belong to men. In the same period on Europe fields of battle show up, the musketeers used cumbersome and brave knights. Their use of heavy machinery was because of lack of knowledge of the existence and usage of lighter weapons like swords. Musketeers fought using sticks, which made exposures. The mode of fighting they employed was the conventional means that was usable on a regular basis during that era. Men displayed more strength and masculinity that capably positioned them superior to the females. Revolution over time occurred and knight sheathed their swords. The season of stronger men elapsed as judgments and rating then began to base on mental capability and the intelligence quotient. The society eventually started to value education, inte llect, and adaptation to new and modern techniques. Many transformations occurred at this time, which was the duration before the setting of the day of the women. In addition, one more reason to involve in those changes is second-wave of feminism. Feminism-Socio-political movement, whose goal was to protect all women, discriminated against of sex, race, orientation, age, ethnicity, social status, full social rights. The movement founded in the middle of 19th century and has three waves. Second Wave refers to a span of feminist activity at the beginning of middle 20th century until the end of the 1980s. Second-wave feminists show cultural and political inequalities between man and woman and help to understand how politicized is the sexist society in US. The feminist activist Carol

Identify and describe two significant U.S laws in international trade Essay

Identify and describe two significant U.S laws in international trade for the period of 2000-2008 - Essay Example This agreement immediately removes tariffs on more than eighty percent (80%) of U.S. exports comprising of products, which are consumer and industrial, the rest being phased out in 10 years (USTR, CAFTA-DR Final Text, 1). The Office of the United States Trade Representative also says that the DR-CAFTA would provide the same reciprocal access for the products and services of the US, just like most of the imports that enter the United States which are duty free, under the so-called â€Å"Generalized System of Preferences, Caribbean Basin Initiative and Most Favored Nation programs† (USTR, CAFTA-DR Final Text, 1). Hence, the goal of this agreement is to maintain a healthy competition and to create â€Å"a more efficient marketplace across international borders† (US Trade Representative, CAFTA Facts: Meeting the Needs of the Region’s Rural Poor, 1). This agreement is also provided with funding initiatives in order to enhance rural development and build trade capacity (USTR, CAFTA Facts: Financial Support for CAFTA-DR, 1). Thus, countries under this agreement was said to receive billions of dollars from various agencies in the next few years ((USTR, CAFTA Facts: Financial Support for CAFTA-DR, 1). Aside from this, the agreement contains the international labor rights with the capability to trade, providing thereby the procedures in case a party fails in its obligations under the labor provisions (Human Rights Watch, 1). However, according to Brandie Ballard Wade, although the provision of the DR-CAFTA provides that â€Å"members are committed to meet their obligations under the ILO declaration and ensure that both the rights of workers and the internationally recognized labor principles are protected and established in its laws,† there is however no requirement that they have to meet these obligations (645). Instead, the agreement only requires that countries strive to ensure that international principles and rights â€Å"are acknowledged and protected by

Interprofessional Collaboration in Health Care

Interprofessional Collaboration in Health Care Interprofessional Collaboration in Health and Social Care is changing the face of service delivery based on governments attraction to this concept. This essay is an attempt to identify and evaluate weaknesses that affect interprofessional working, using a practice based critical incident (see Appendix A). In order to achieve this, a model of critical reflection, a combination of systematic analytical tools (SWOT, PESTEL) and use of relevant theories are adopted to unearth various assumptions and their sources with a view of engaging the application of theory to practice which will consequently improve provision of services to end users in practice with the added benefit of improving interprofessional working. The various influencing factors identified from the analysis that conflate in the arena of interprofessionalism makes it a very complex, yet desirable concept to embrace and implement for the effective delivery of service within health and social care. The case for a Model of Critical reflection Reflection has been defined as a process of reviewing an experience of practice in order to describe, analyse, evaluate and so inform learning about practice Reid (1993). Researching various models of critical reflection (Gibbs reflective cycle (1988), Stephensons framework of reflection (1993), Fook and Askeland (2006) indicated a number of variables which are relevant in the evaluation and reflection on practice situation. For the purpose of this particular case study, I have chosen to reflect on the critical incident described in Appendix A by using Fooks model of critical reflection. This model; Focuses on identifying underlying assumptions with a specific purpose of fostering improvement in professional practice Fook and Askeland (2006,p), Highlights power as a critical element of transforming the revealed assumptions with a view to create a positive change in the practice situation. The concept of power in critical reflection is relevant in the social, cultural, professional and political context with the aim of gaining a sense of personal power therefore more control and choice, through the exposure of dominant assumptions in operation. Fook (2006), Foucault (1983) cited in White et al (2006, p44). Fooks model enables reflection on awareness and use of power in the course of performing my professional role. Fook also emphasises the place of emotion, communication, dialogue and learning in this model of critical reflection. This is particularly relevant to the practice situation as it led to competence queries in the light of the ensuing reverberation. This model of critical reflection is a valuable tool, enabling better decision-making, improved ability to work with uncertainty and multiple perspectives, resolve dilemmas, recognising the use and power of emotion, and better ability to learn from practice. Fook and Askeland (2006) My choice of Fooks critical reflection model helps me to take a look at what I do, why I do it, unearthing relevant hidden assumptions influenced by my cultural, social, professional and political beliefs (see PESTEL analysis in Appendix C). It also enables me to reframe myself in view of the revealed assumptions behind my thinking that affects my practice. This model seeks to empower by giving choices and creating new knowledge when the process of reflection is practised. It could also potentially reaffirm personal beliefs that may have been previously separated from professional roles which inadvertently create conflict. Interprofessional Concept Interprofessional concepts that are apparently relevant to the practice situation are collaboration and communication. The key weaknesses identified were due to lack of communication and failings in collaboration between the pharmacy, social services professions and general practitioner (GP) engaged in the care of the older people in the community. In order to analyse the practice situation, two analytical tools are adopted namely SWOT analysis considers the strengths and weaknesses in the case and also the opportunity and threats embedded in it. (Appendix B). PESTEL analysis This tool relates the situation to its external environmental factors with a view to identifying influences and impacts of the environment.( Appendix C) The two major areas of weakness focused on are: The gaps in collaboration between pharmacist, social workers and GPs in the community. Poor communication between Health and Social Care (HSC) professionals in the community. Literature Review The concept of interprofessional collaboration has been defined as working together with one or more members of the health care team where each makes a unique contribution to achieving a common goal. Each individual contributes from within the limits of his/her scope of practice. Broers et al (2009), College of Nurses Ontario (2008), Makowsky et al (2009). The Health and Social care policy on joined up working Department of Health (DoH 2000) has been regarded as a major document pointing the way to or representing one of the imperatives for the modernisation agenda. Health and Social Care policies has witnessed several changes in the last twenty five years with a shift in focus from institutional to community care with an attendant upsurge in service commissioning, which created an increasing role for primary care. Karban Smith (2006). The need for greater collaboration and communication has been highlighted by the recent increase in major enquiries into several aspects of health and social care (Victoria Climbie inquiry report by Laming (2003), Baby Ps case). Loxley (1995) asserted that the recognition of health and welfare within society as an interactive, adaptive process without an end becomes the only creative basis for strategies, policies and practices and as such, the ability to collaborate is thus an essential in this interactive process. The National Service Framework for Older people DoH (2001) clearly demands that the NHS and local authorities work in partnership to promote health ageing and prevent disease in older people. DoH (2001). Various government policies has emphasised partnership and joint working as the main focus to drive improved care to users of health and social care services. DoH (1998a) Partnership in Action (1998b); Working Together (1998c); First class service; quality in the new NHS) Leathards(2003) review on McGraths (1991) study on interprofessional teamwork in Wales found that joint working led to more efficient use of staff, efficient service provision and a more satisfying work environment. Other benefits include the value of knowledge sharing, potential for comprehensively integrated services, efficient use of public funds and the avoidance of duplication and gaps in services. The New NHS-modern and dependable: DoH (1998). The governments objective is to build a reliable health service where patients have access to high quality services based on identified need, building on integrated care between health and social care where each have equally important roles to play. The White paper (1998) sets out the framework for the partnership, with the intention to remove barriers to effective collaboration in the existing systems and provide new incentives for joint working across agencies. The role of Pharmacists in interprofessional collaboration. The pharmacy professions code of ethics is traditionally based on the medical model of health, where duty of care is to the patient and mainly prescriptive and paternalistic. Naidoo and Wills (2009). There are no strong evidences to support joint working between community pharmacy and other health and social professions despite a strong need for collaboration for the delivery of excellent patient care across the primary and secondary interface. Makowsky et al (2009) review indicates that collaborative working relationships between nurses and physicians have been the focus of several researches, but relatively little work has investigated the integration and nature of collaborative relationships pharmacists have with other health care practitioners. The review stated that most investigations into professional relationship between pharmacy and other healthcare profession has been on physicians satisfaction attitudes or perceptions towards specific aspects of pharmacy practice, pharmaci st roles, perceived barriers between physicians and community pharmacists, unmet needs in the medication use process, physician expectations of pharmacist and physicians receptiveness to clinical pharmacists. Competencies of the Future Pharmacy workforce a publication by the Royal Pharmaceutical Society of Great Britain (2003/2004) highlights the need for greater levels of collaboration between pharmacists across all sectors and boundaries as the way forward for relevance within the healthcare workforce. The Pharmacy White paper (year) also emphasised the role of pharmacists in providing services in the present NHS structure and this would necessitate a greater awareness and participatory collaboration with other healthcare professionals. Barriers to Interprofessional Collaboration In spite of the laudable and apparently desirable benefits of interprofessional collaboration, in reality there are barriers that limit effectiveness of this concept between health and social care professionals as apparent in my practice situation. Historically, barriers such as professional cultures, different forms of accountabilities between health and social services, political agendas, rigid boundaries, departmental survival existed and still remain to challenge present day twenty-first century health and social care. Hardy et al (1992) cited in Leathard (2003) identified five categories of the challenges facing joint working within health and social care as; Structural issues such as service fragmentation, gaps in services. Procedural matters which hinders joint planning through different budgetary planning cycles and procedures. Financial factors such as different funding mechanisms, administrative and communication costs Status and legitimacy, for example local responsibilities are based within a democratically elected arena and in contrast, all services are commissioned and centrally run by the NHS. Professional issues which include problems associated with conflicting views and ideologies about users, professional self-interest, competition for domains, as well as differences between expertise, specialism and skills. Leathard (2003) noted more barriers such as practitioners isolated with little management support, inequalities in status and salary, differing leadership styles, lack of clarity about roles as damaging to inter professional collaboration. It has been noted that service users and carers as typified by the examples in the practice situation (see appendix A) often experience frustration and distress in trying to organise the type of care they want or support needed as a carer. This process, involving contact with different agencies and each with different assessment processes, often leave users and carers unclear as to who should be doing what and how it all links together. DoH (1998a) Joint working has been identified by the DoH (1998) as needed at three levels; strategic planning, service commissioning and service provision. In the practice of pharmacy in the care of the community, service provision must deliver an integrated package that avoids the burden of complex bureaucracy. Barriers to Joint Working: Communication Another weakness identified in the SWOT analysis, (see Appendix C) is poor communication. Information sharing in the appropriate context is important in helping to promote informed decision making and aid the provision of user-focused care. On the other hand, incorrect information can destroy or reinforce negative or destructive stereotypes and therefore limit the range of options offered to the user. Hammick et al (2009). Poor communication can be a barrier to effective information sharing in professional practice. The lack of clarity in the process of communication experience in my context can also be down lack of awareness of how the agencies work together. Meads et al (2005) states that poor systems and lack of parity between different professionals can be major risk factors, particularly with regards to effective communication. In the inquiries into the events that led to Victoria Climbies death in 2000 and the Bristol Royal Infirmary incident, systemic failures that led to poor communications were highlighted. The issue of communication was further complicated by the fact that I had no prior knowledge of any disability suffered by the patient that would necessitate any form of assessment set out by the Disability Discrimination Act (2004), I assumed that the clients GP would be aware of the process of referral for patients needing support with their medicines as they are usually their first point of call. Carers expectation was that all service providers talked to each other in a way that gets things done smoothly. Reflecting on what I have learnt on interprofessional collaboration, the situation became clearer as I realised that different organisations have different operating procedures which, despite attempts at collaboration, can still be conflicting. External influences on the practice situation such as legal factors (see Appendix C) include issues such as patient confidentiality and data protection requirements which make it imperative that proper channels of communication are followed to protect clients privacy. This raises ethical and legal questions on how much is too much or too little to exchange with other agencies. I have learnt that the failings in the practice situation described is not a clear cut failing by a single person, but a classic example of how the barriers to interprofessional working can have a direct impact on both the service user and provider. Systems Approach to Joint Working: A resolve A systemic approach to collaboration as stated by Payne(1997) in Hammick et al(2009) is relevant to interprofessional practice as it sees individuals as social beings, affected by and influencing others around them, the organisations with which they have contact and the wider society, drawing attention to relationships, structure, processes and interdependence. The whole systems concept developed by Bertanlanffy (1971) describes the exchange across permeable boundaries between systems and environments. This characteristic of the systems theory is crucial in its application to service organisations, like the NHS and social service. The key elements from the systems theory as concurred to by Loxley(1997) and Willumsen (2008)relevant to understanding collaboration in interprofessional practice is interdependence and interaction, emphasis on management of processes, the recognition of equifinality the achievement of the same goal from different starting points. Loxley (1997) asserts that it is possible to manage complexity and differences through the recognition and use of common properties which apply to both parts and to a whole when experiences are shared. For the whole systems approach to work, the right conditions as advocated by Maddock and Morgan (1999) in Leathard (2003) include; Support for communication between users and frontline staff Involvement of actively committed staff Appropriate performance measures supporting change and staff development Management and practitioners sharing the same agenda on quality and funding issues A senior management team with a unity of vision. The benefits of the whole systems approach as shown by the study on delivery of services to older people across health and social care in Brighton and Hove, Sussex Callanan (2001) include; initiatives to identify gaps in services, an improvement in the services provided in the multidisciplinary assessment and review, improved flexibility to meet users needs and the enabling of small changes which would result in significant improvements in service provision. The whole systems approach with the theorised benefits is not without its limitations. CSIP(Care Service Improvement Partnership) Older People Team cited in the whole systems approach , a document paper by the NHS Wales(2006) concluded that for most places, a whole systems approach is a statement of aspiration rather than a statement of achievement as there are limitations inherent in the approach. Conclusion The way forward may be more opportunities for joint learning among health and social care professionals in practice. Integrating joint learning in the whole systems approach to effective collaboration might in some way resolve some of the perceived barriers. Learning together reflectively will challenge traditional barriers, professional barriers and compartmentalised thinking. Karban and Smith (2006). They argued that a model of critical and reflective practice acquired through learning together will enable future practitioners develop a shared understanding of the world and ways of working together based on creating a shared dialogue within communities of practice that will enhance the experience of service users. Forming multidisciplinary teams in the care of the community for specific target population may also be effective in closing the gap in collaboration between pharmacy and other health and social care profession. In order to avoid the reoccurrence of the incident discussed in my practice situation, I will seek to implement the following Raise awareness/understanding of referral process among professionals engaged in the management of older people with disability by writing a letter to all agencies concerned. Organise seminars at local GP meetings with other healthcare professionals involved in the care of older people with the view of clarifying the referral procedures for effective provision of service

Papa John’s International, Inc. Essays -- Strategic Case Analysis

Introduction Papa John’s International, Inc., is headquartered in Louisville, Kentucky it is the world’s largest pizza chain and considered paramount in the pizza industry. Papa John’s domestic pizzas are made exclusively from a proprietary blend of wheat flour, cheese made from 100% real mozzarella, fresh-packed pizza sauce made from vine-ripened tomatoes (not from concentrate) and a proprietary mix of savory spices, and a choice of high-quality meat (100% beef, pork and chicken with no fillers) and vegetable toppings. However, international ingredients vary to meet customs and tastes. (http://ir.papajohns.com/) The company operates approximately 3,400 domestic and international pizza restaurants. They have five segments of their business: domestic restaurants, domestic commissaries, domestic franchises, international operations, and variable interest entities. (Barney & Hesterly, 2010) They have company-owned restaurants in mature and developed markets, but have recently experienced a measurable decrease in their domestic franchising sales because these franchisees are not strategically located in the more heavily concentrated markets like their company owned restaurants. To further develop the Papa John franchisees, they are working on various economic systems to provide royalty and local marketing relief for struggling franchisees, by providing financing to assist existing and/or new businesses, and educating lenders and banking institutions on the Papa John’s business models and goals. Papa John’s has currently started repurchasing about 1 million shares of its common stock at an average price of $22.52 per share, the company’s board of directors recently extended a repurchase plan through the end of 2010. Papa John’s... ... end-user customers, so as to capture additional market presence. Dominos has recently changed their pizza ingredient and their pricing structure they could become a major threat to Papa John’s customer base because they have always prided themselves on using high-quality ingredients. Dominos is now making attempting to grab up some Papa John’s domestic market share. Works Cited Form 10-K Annual Report Filed Feb 24, 2009, http://ir.papajohns.com/secfiling.cfm?filingID=1104659-09-11825 (Retrieved 2/11/10) Thursday, February 11, 2010, 2:43pm EST | Modified: Thursday, February 11, 2010, 3:04pm, Papa John’s cooks up heart-shaped pizza promo http://louisville.bizjournals.com/louisville/stories/2010/02/08/daily41.html?ana=yfcpc (Retrieved 2/11/10) http://money.cnn.com/2009/09/22/news/companies/papa_johns_pizza_schnatter.fortune/index.htm (retrieved 2/12/10)

“With Liberty and Justice for All”

An opinion of the social inequality that exists as it pertains to Gay Marriage Aimee L. Vroman Strayer University Online Introduction to Sociology SOC 100-015016 Professor Paul Humenik August 22, 2010 Abstract In recent years, the debate over same-sex marriage has grown from an issue that occasionally arose in a few states to a nationwide controversy. Indeed, in the last five years, the debate over gay marriage has been heard in the halls of the U. S.Congress, at the White House, in dozens of state legislatures and courtrooms, and in the rhetoric of election campaigns at both the national and state levels. Moreover, the battle over whether gays and lesbians should be allowed to wed shows no signs of abating. In the last year alone, three states have banned same-sex marriage and four states have legalized the practice. The time for debate is now over. The issue of gay marriage is not one of religious degradation, social erosion, or even ethical breakdown. It is an issue of inalienable rights guaranteed to all citizens of this country.The fact that our federal government does not recognize gay marriages is an atrocity and shameful at best. â€Å"The foundation to gay rights will ultimately be seen as the right to marry, because with that right firmly established in law, most other forms of discrimination could not be justified. † (Bidstrup, Why Gays Should Be Allowed To Marry, 1996) When we as a society look outwards, we see everything that we can do to help other societies attain our level of justice, personal and financial success, freedoms, and everything else that comes with our knowledge and perseverance.However, if we as a society were to look inward at ourselves (something that I am confident that only a small percentage of our society is willing to do) and at our society as a whole, would we see it in a different light? Would we see that even after fifty years of civil rights and equal opportunity that we still oppress and treat some groups of our society as second class citizens? Our country’s Bill of Rights has been modified by Constitutional Amendments to say the each and every American citizen has certain inalienable rights.The right to be married is one that we Americans hold near and dear to our hearts. Why then, is this particular right denied to the gay community? One of the biggest and loudest arguments against gay marriage in this country is that it is against God and that it is against what it says in the Bible (The Adam and Eve, not Adam and Steve argument). Yes, this country was founded on Christian principles and laws that were perceived to be fair to all of its citizenry. However, this is not the seventeen hundreds nor is it the time of the Inquisition.This is the so called Modern Era, in which not only technology and finance are supposed to be upgraded and ever changing for the better but also societal acceptance of people that are different from what we perceive as mainstream and the societal norm. How can there be societal justice for the gay community when we as a society, who proclaim ourselves to be enlightened and forward thinking, deny even this most basic of rights to the gay community? The answer is simple; there can be no societal justice for the gay community in this aspect.What if we were to turn the tables on society and tell everyone that is not a part of the gay community that their marriages, civil unions, and other forms of partnership were invalid and no longer existed in the eyes of the government? There would be a societal upheaval. Anarchy would ensue and the government would be dismantled by the people. Later, when the people had decided that there had been enough chaos, reformed by the people and for the people. The only reason this has not happened with the gay community is because they are the minority in this case.For centuries of our country’s history, we have been guilty of oppressing and even enslaving the minorities within our society, to say n othing of denying them the inalienable rights called for in our own Constitution. Over time, those minorities that have fought and fought hard for these rights have eventually been afforded these rights by Constitutional Amendments. Yet still, here we sit in the twenty-first century, and we still cannot see past our own biases and our deep rooted fears of anything that is different or contrary to us.At the end of the day, our opposition to gay marriage stems ultimately from a deep-seeded homophobia in our culture and society, borne almost entirely out of religious prejudice. While many of us do not realize that homophobia exists to the extent that it does, it is a very real part of every gay person's life, just like racism is a very real part of every African American’s life. It is there, it is pervasive, and it has far more serious consequences for our society than most of us realize, not just for gay people, but for society in general.This religious prejudice comes from sev eral well known entities. Those entities include, but are not limited to, the Catholic Church, the Mormon Church, the American Family Association, and Focus on the Family, and the most conservative of Protestant sects. Together with their various political subsidiary groups, a whole host of smaller right-wing political and religious organizations, and a few out-right hate groups, they are shaping national and local policy towards the gay community.They spend millions of dollars twisting and deforming referendums, propositions, and other local instruments of law solely for the purpose of fear mongering to scare the populace into line at the polls. It is these kinds of tactics being employed that are outdated and flat out wrong in the moral and ethical sense. They say that money corrupts; well the proof is in the proverbial pudding. The fear mongering turns into unparalleled hate and it is fueled by these so called â€Å"Christian† organizations. This is contrary to the Christi an way of life and contrary to the convictions of a Christian.Hatred by itself, dressed up as religious dogma has been used for so long that it is beginning to lose its effectiveness (eventually people begin to figure out that it is mostly a tactic for filling pews, collection plates and campaign coffers more than it is a way of reforming lost souls and improving society), so the more clever of these organizations have begun to move onto a slick propaganda effort based on that long-time favorite winner, fear (Bidstrup, Gay Marriage: The Arguments and Motives, 2009). The time for rhetoric and Bible thumping is over. Our country had its time of religious revolution.It is now time for every person, regardless of gender, race, religious belief, or sexual orientation, to be given the rights that our laws and traditions provide. This idea has been the cornerstone of our society and our nation for hundreds of years. â€Å"We cannot accept the view that Amendment 2's prohibition on specifi c legal protections does no more than deprive homosexuals of special rights. To the contrary, the amendment imposes a special disability on those persons alone. Homosexuals are forbidden the safeguards that others enjoy or may seek without constraint. (Kennedy, Stevens, O'Connor, Souter, Ginsburg, & Breyer, 1996) In the Supreme Court opinion that this quote is taken from, it says very plainly that a state (Colorado in this case) cannot prevent any group of persons from taking part in any public or private transaction. Though this case was hotly debated over the next fifteen years, Colorado in 2007 passed a law prohibiting any discrimination against homosexuals. Now if one state can do this and then another and then another, why is it so hard for our federally elected officials to do the same thing?The only answer that I can give is the activists, hate groups, and church lobbyists that throw millions of dollars into the coffers of our Senators and Congressman. This dirty money en sures that once again they will get elected and that once again they will vote to keep the gay community as second class citizens. This state of affairs is unacceptable. The time for change is now. Freedom is the right of every American regardless of gender, race, religious affiliation, and sexual orientation. It is high time that we, as a society, stand up and say in one unified voice, â€Å"This is wrong and we are not going to stand for it any longer!Works CitedBidstrup, S. (2009, June 3). Gay Marriage: The Arguments and Motives. Retrieved August 19, 2010, from Bidstrup. com: http://www. bidstrup. com/marriage. htm Bidstrup, S. (1996, December 4).Why Gays Should Be Allowed To Marry. Retrieved August 18, 2010, from Bidtrsup. com: http://www. bidstrup. com/hawaii. htm Kennedy, A. M. , Stevens, J. P. , O'Connor, S. D. , Souter, D. H. , Ginsburg, R. B. , & Breyer, S. G. (1996, October 20).Supreme Court Bound Volume 517. Retrieved August 18, 2010, from United States Supreme Court : http://www. supremecourt. gov/opinions/boundvolumes/517bv. pdf

How to Succeed as a Freelance Blogger (by someone whos done it)

How to Succeed as a Freelance Blogger ( I never really aspired to be a writer. Writing was something I used to refer to as a â€Å"secondary skill.† I used it in my previous job (as a property manager) like most other people do: to write emails and letters. I never thought I could make a living out of it. And yet, here I am–nearly two years later–a bona fide professional writer, averaging earnings in excess of $7,000 per month. It’s been quite a ride. I don’t have time to share that ride with you in this article, but I do have time to give you an overview of freelance blogging - the profession that has changed my life. Why Freelance Blogging Isn’t Beneath You The common perception amongst many freelance writers is that freelance blogging is bargain basement territory. And while there are plenty of low-paying jobs in circulation, there are also many gigs that pay very respectably. Furthermore, there are a huge number of other benefits to freelance blogging. You can start with no experience or qualifications. The nature of blogging dictates that work will be consistent and ongoing. You can build I could go on, but my overriding point is this: do not dismiss freelance blogging. It is not only a viable option - it is one I heartily recommend. How to Start Freelance Blogging When it comes to establishing yourself as a freelance blogger, you can quickly rise to the top of the pile if you are willing to work hard and focus on doing the right things. On the assumption that you are already an accomplished writer, there are just two other big pieces of the puzzle: 1. A blog of your own. The best clients won’t be too keen to hire you if you can’t clearly demonstrate your blogging capabilities. 2. Samples. You’ll want to get published on a number of (preferably popular) blogs in order to demonstrate that others have put their faith in your writing talents. Starting a blog is free, and getting published samples is as simple as submitting guest posts to blogs that accept them. Once you have some momentum on those fronts, it’s time to start pitching for jobs via online job boards (such as ProBlogger). You won’t get the best-paid jobs upfront, but once you’re established, future clients will find your I haven’t sought out a client since 2011 - they’ve all come to me. What Have You Got to Lose? This article is just a brief introduction to freelance blogging - in reality, there is a lot more to learn. However, I hope that this has been convincing enough to galvanize you into taking a closer look at this young and highly lucrative market. If you are interested in finding out more then check out my blog’s archives. You’ll find a wide selection of freelance writing articles there. And if you have any questions at all, please don’t hesitate to get in touch!

Renaissance Musical Instrument essays

Renaissance Musical Instrument essays Renaissance means rebirth. This period saw a rebirth in knowledge. The Renaissance was turning from God to man. Science was becoming more important during this time. Columbus discovered America during the Renaissance in 1492 and Michelangelo was painting the Sistine Chapel. Music was also changing. Melodies became richer. Harmony, known as homophony, began to appear (This means there is a clear difference between the melody and accompaniment). This was the golden age of the a cappella style. That means that choirs sang without instruments. Perhaps the greatest development for the expansion of ordinary music was the invention of the printing press by Gutenberg in 1454. Now music could be reproduced quickly, before this it had had to be copied by hand. But this was also a growth in instrumental music. The Renaissance saw many new instruments as well as old ones remaining popular. The most popular instrument during the renaissance was the lute. The lute is the ancestor of the modern day guitar. It held the highest respect of all instruments during the Renaissance, both as an accompaniment and as a solo instrument. Although the greatest repertoire (compositions) for the lute is from England, the best makers were Germans who lived in Italy. Its belly is made of pine, only one-sixteenth inch thick, with a carved sound-hole in the middle. Wooden bars glued underneath the belly strengthen it and add to the resonance. The pear shaped back is constructed from several ribs, shaped and bent over a mold, and then glued together edge-to-edge. These ribs may be made of sycamore, cedar, yew, or cypress, and are no more than 1/32 of an inch in thickness. It is unknown when the first sackbut was created but by 1500 it is mentioned and illustrated regularly. The sackbut is simply a slide trumpet, or tromba da tirasi. The word sackbut literally means push-pull. There were four principle s ...

How to do the Staffing and Training for Global Operations Research Paper

How to do the Staffing and Training for Global Operations - Research Paper Example 7 Regiocentric Approach †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 8 Geo-centric Approach- Global Approach†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 9 Selection Process for Global Assignments†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 10 Training and development for expatriates †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 11 Cross Cultural Training †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 11 Conclusion †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 12 References †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚ ¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 13 Introduction Going global was considered to be a great achievement few years ago, but today, it is part of a company’s survival strategy and rather an essential element to de-risk the business from a single country shock. Going global has become an increasingly important business strategy because of that most businesses face challenges of localized economic policies and competition. The advances in information technology and telecommunication that scholars consider it as second revolution have caused tremendous changes in global business and increased the volume of trade between nations. Multinational companies have been playing major role in the process of moving goods and services around the globe. When companies go global and operate in different countries, policies relating to employee hiring, training, compensating and maintaining are largely aff ected and human resource managers are required to have a global perspective of business to effectively formulate and implement human resource policies. This piece of research paper addresses the importance of effective staffing process for a company when operates in other countries and explains main elements of international human resource management in relation to hiring, training and compensating the employees. This paper explains main modes of global staffing in relation to managing expatriates and analyzes various selection factors for global operation. Need for effective Staffing for Global Operation In recent days, managers of large multinationals have been realizing the significance of human resource practices to ensure the profitability and competitive advantages of their business. Human resource management has become more involved in helping international organizations and these organizations necessarily require to develop global strategies with major focus to hire, manage and retain best employees in order to ensure competitive advantages. As Briscoe, Schuler and Claus (2008) stated that the impact of a company’s international activity on human resource varies according to various factors like stages of internationalization, the global nature of the particular industry and specific choice of the firm etc (p. 29). Large companies that have been operating in its home country often suddenly become global and as a result its existing human resources start working in different conditions with no previous experiences in international operation. Likewise, companies need to hire, train maintain and retain talented employees to be able to work in multinational conditions. Stahl and Bjorkman (2006) stressed that global staffing has become a critical issue in international management for the following reasons:- There has been growing awareness that the success of international business mainly depend on recruiting the qualified senior and other managers.

Aviation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 3

Aviation - Essay Example This paper will discuss the design of Eurocopter x3, comparing it to conventional designs with reference to aerodynamics. Conventional helicopters have a rotor that is supported above the body/fuselage of the craft. The rotor rotates at high speed to provide the lift required for vertical take off and landing (Watkinson, 2004). In addition, the rotor provides the thrust to make the craft move horizontally and laterally. In addition to the main rotor, the conventional helicopter has a tail rotor to develop thrust in addition to countering the torque produced by the main rotor (Watkinson, 2004). Alternatively helicopters may be fitted with ducted fans or NOTAR systems to perform the same functions. This however, is not the case with Eurocopter’s x3. The Eurocopter x3 Demonstrator is a machine that has been designed as a foundation for the Hybrid Helicopter. What this basically means is that the machine integrates the principles of the helicopter with those of fixed wing crafts with the result being optimized performance. The x3 is based on the design and features of existing models with the main additions being two short wings and the lack of a tail rotor (Vion-Lanctuit, 2010). In addition, each of the two short wings bears a propeller. The x3 has objectively been designed to have the main rotor to provide lift and thrust like other helicopters. The main rotor has five blades which means it has the capacity to provide higher lift and thrust compared to those that have two blades, other factors held constant. The two propellers supported by the short-span fixed wings provide additional thrust thus allowing the machine to achieve speeds that conventional helicopters cannot. Owing to these additional features, the helicopter can reach speeds beyond 230 knots or 267 mph (Whittle, 2012). This speed far exceeds the speed achievable by conventional helicopters which stands at about 140 knots or 160mph at the

Steps of Learning to Read Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Steps of Learning to Read - Research Paper Example Recognition is by production and the ability to write alphabetic letters not necessarily in order. The primary aim is to enable the child encode sounds he/she hears. For example, writing ‘c – a – t’ to represent the sounds heard in the word â€Å"cat† (Santa, 1999).The challenge involve making the student to know how to spell out upper and lower case letters differently. Firstly, individuals are trained how to spell and sound the letters. For instance, the learners are taught on how to spell letter b.Then, the students are taught how to air the initial sounds in short words that are succeeded by the endings. The last sounds to be learned are the medial sounds heard. Learners are shown on identification and matching of the sounds heard, and then encode a letter for the sounds heard (Spufford, 1979). A learner should be able to appreciate familiar letter patterns. This may be a good strategy to learn a new word that is similar to already heard words. A better example is ball and call. Building words takes the skill further. Any young person will always learn to handle those words that keep changing and place them in a coded form. That with a new letter. A good example is the word ‘hat’. Convert a single letter to make it ‘sat’ (Darnton, 1986). The significance of Sight word vocabulary is to enable a child learn to read words that are hard to decode phonetically. A child will conceptualize and read short sentences with sight vocabulary. As time goes by the learner may be in a position to recognize the group of letters as the word (Spufford, 1979). Punctuation and capitalization are socially acceptable and are passed to learners as signals in the reading or writing process. Readers for the first time should learn to stop at a given juncture to avoid terminating a sentence before it ends. Appreciation of basic punctuation is adhered to following apostrophes to represent

The Kings Great Matter Essay Example for Free

The Kings Great Matter Essay The Spanish-English marriage alliance of Catherine of Aragon and Prince Arthur was arranged when the children were very young. Catherine traveled to England only to face tragedy when her young husband, Arthur died in 1502. Henry VII wanted to marry Catherine to his younger son, who would be, Henry VIII so that he did not lose the dowry money from Catherines parents and to secure some other agreements between the two countries. In the Catholic Church, it was forbidden to marry the wife of a deceased brother. A papal dispensation was required for the marriage. It was easily obtained from Pope Julius II. Henry VII died before the marriage took place but Henry VIII immediately married Catherine once he became King. Many people involved questioned the validity of this dispensation. Catherines mother, Isabella did not like the idea of her daughter being remarried and requiring a document from the Pope to have it done. But, once Henry VII died and Henry VIII proceeded with the marriage, no one mentioned the dispensation or the validity of it until Henry decided that he needed a grounds for divorce. Under the circumstances of Henry not wanting to be with his wife anymore, he proposed many doctrines that had been insignificant until then. Henry and Catherine actually had a fairly good marriage. The biggest problem in the marriage was lack of ability to produce a male heir. This was very important to Henry. They tried several times but were not successful. The couple did have one child that lived but, it was a girl named Mary. After many miscarriages and years of disappointment, Catherine began to get much older and lose much of her attractiveness. Henry not only began to lose interest in his wife, but he also began to worry about not having a son to succeed him on the throne. This was when the Kings great matter began. Throughout this time period, Cardinal Wolsey, an advisor to Henry and very powerful in the Catholic Church, moved closer and closer to Henry. As the relationship progressed Henry became more distant to Catherine. Wolsey spied on Catherine and she thought he acted against her always. She began to believe that Wolsey had always hated her and possibly that she had always hated him also. She held him responsible for the promotion of Henrys bastard son, for tempting the King of France to break the word agreed at Madrid and plunging Europe into war, for ruining the alliance between the two countries, and for seducing the pope and the Italian states. She also held Wolsey responsible for Henrys irritability. It isnt surprising that Catherine also blamed Wolsey for Henry wanting to divorce her. But, Catherine was not the only one with this idea. The ambassador, the emperor, Reginald Pole, Catholic controversialists, and Catholic writers ever since have agreed that Wolsey was probably the instigator. Catherines thought that Wolsey had put the ideas of divorce into Henrys head was very reasonable. She believed that Wolsey thought this was the best way to safeguard his pro-French policy by removing Catherine and replacing her with a French princess. Wolsey was serious about his French alliance and did hope to arrange a French marriage. He also feared Catherine. He knew that he needed to get rid of her so that he get closer to the king and help him handle his affairs. Most of the time, Cardinal Wolsey was looking out to better himself and his policies. Catherine was wrong about a few things though. She did not blame Henry for any of this. She felt he had been manipulated and took up for him every chance she had. She was wrong about Henry. He was not the innocent person she thought he was. Protestant writers have told the story according to Henry, that his conscience had separated him from Catherine. But, still many have said that it was simply out of desire for another woman. Henrys want for a divorce from Catherine of Aragon has also been attributed to his health. During the years 1527 -28, it was obvious that his health was on the decline. In 1524, he suffered from a head injury while jousting with the Duke of Suffolk. This injury is said to have caused him many severe headaches and possibly an alteration in behavior and character. His character began to change slowly after this. He went from a happy leader, fairly good husband and interested in his people to an irritable, suspicious, and selfish king. In the same year he also suffered from an ulcer in his leg which contributed to his irritability and impatience. Someone told Henry that he had been living in sin with his brothers wife. The name of who told him this was never released. Henrys arguments of his marriage to Catherine being invalid consisted of two sections. The first section argued that the union of a man and the wife of his brother was contrary to the law of God and that any papal dispensation pretending to allow it was worthless. The second section argued that the particular dispensation granted by Pope Julius II, which he had married Catherine under, was invalid. His first argument contained several parts. The first part was two texts in Leviticus. Leviticus 18:16 reads ‘Thou shall not uncover the nakedness of thy brothers wife: it is thy brothers nakedness and Leviticus 20:21 reads ‘If a man shall take his brothers wife, it is an impurity: he hath uncovered his brothers nakedness; they shall be childless. Henry and his advisors could not just use these scriptures. They advisors had to prove that they were true under all circumstances and were out of reach of all papal authority. However, the texts from Leviticus that Henry used were contradicted by a text from Deuteronomy. This text read: ‘When brethren dwell together, and one of them dieth without children, the wife of the deceased shall not marry to another, but his brother shall take her, and raise up seed for his brother. In order for Henrys arguments to succeed he had to somehow get rid of this text from Deuteronomy. It was attacked in many ways. Some argued that the text from Deuteronomy was a ceremonial or respective interpretation of the law that was allowed to the Jews but, like circumcision, was dissolved by the coming of Christ. Others argued that this text was only permissible under certain rare conditions, none of which was present in Henrys case. Henry, Wolsey, and a few other advisors had been meeting privately to discuss how the proceedings of the divorce should take place. These secret meetings were how the whole process came to be known as the kings great matter. The plan was not to involve Rome at all. Cardinal Wolsey and Warham were going to hold a secret court in England. They were going to call Henry in, charging him with living in sin with his dead brothers wife. Henry would plead guilty and the private court would then sentence him and the marriage to nullity. But, they ran into a problem. Catherine found out what the plan was. Her nephew was Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor. He had much power in Rome and over the papacy. She wrote letters and sent them to Charles for help. In her letters, she told him the entire story and appealed the case of the divorce to Rome. In 1527, Wolsey was in a hurry to get to France. He was trying to beat Catherines letters to Charles for help. He knew that if Charles heard the story he would threaten Pope Clement VII so that he would not dare dissolve the marriage. However, Wolsey did have an alternative plan. It is a good thing he did because he did not beat her letters to Charles. In June 1527, Charles troops attacked Rome and put the Pope up as prisoner. Wolsey went to France and signed the Treaty of Amiens. This protested that no action of the Pope would be valid while he was under duress and proposed that Wolsey, himself, preside over the cardinals in this time of trouble. Wolsey was afraid that Charles would provoke the Pope to do something while under imprisonment. Wolseys next plan was to make comments to Henrys ambassador with Charles that there was a rumor going around in England about the divorce between the king and queen and that there was some questions from the French concerning the validity of marriage and the papal dispensation for the marriage. He also said that the queen had heard of the rumors and was very upset. He did to place doubts in Charles mind about what Catherine had told him. Henry and his most trusted advisor, Cardinal Wolsey, began to fall away from each other a bit. Henry wanted to marry Anne Boleyn. She hated Wolsey and he did not want them married because he wanted Henry to marry a French princess to benefit himself. They began going separate ways in trying to achieve this divorce. While Wolsey tried to make peace in France and to organize a way to rescue the pope from Charles power, Henry went behind his back and had a document drawn up by his secretary, William Knight, that would manipulate the pope. Henry was going to take the document to the Pope himself to get him to sign it. He thought that the pope would appreciate a more personal approach. The pope did have a history of giving people divorces, so Henry really did not think he would have a problem either. He probably would not have had if it was not for Charles V. Henrys sister, the Queen of Scotland, had no problem getting a divorce from the pope after she had been having an affair with a married man. Henry IV of Castile was allowed by the pope to take another wife to bear him children because his first wife could not. In 1498, Pope Alexander VI allowed the King of France to have a divorce so that he could marry the ruler of Brittany. Both of Henrys sister Marys husbands had received divorces from the pope. The document that Henry had written by his secretary contained many ideas that the Pope would agree with but in-between-the-lines he added the dissolution of the marriage between him and Catherine. Wolsey found out about Henrys ideas but did not do anything because he knew that the papacy would not fall for it. Wolsey wanted to get a Decretal Commission signed. This document would say that if he proved certain things concerning the marital dispensation then he could declare the marriage null and void. This case contained four things. The first was, the dispensation had been obtained under false pretenses because it was said Henry asked for it, when he didnt even know what it was and was only twelve years old. The second was,it stated that it was issued to prevent war between England and Spain but at that time there had been no problems between the two countries. The third was, the dispensation had been granted by Pope Julius II out of his gratitude for two great leaders, Henry VII and Isabella of Castile but they were both dead before the marriage even took place so the validity of the document did not really exist. The fourth was, at the age of fourteen, Henry had protested against the marriage and no one paid any attention to him. Pope made changes in the document Henry sent. This angered Henry because he thought the Pope was being provoked so, he sent troops to protect the Pope and free him from the Emperor. The Pope finally issued a decretal commission that the case could be tried in England. It was sent by Cardinal Campeggio who had been given strict orders not to actually go through with it. Following orders, he caused many delays. During this time, Cardinal Campeggio, along with Cardinal Wolsey mentioned to Henry that maybe Catherine would enter a religious house to spend the rest of her days in peace. If she agreed to this then the divorce proceedings could have been cancelled. Henry liked this idea so he sent Wolsey and Campeggio to talk to her about it. Catherine listened respectively to the cardinals but told them that she would not agree to do that. The brief of the marital dispensation issued by Pope Julius II was brought up from Spain which caused some added problems and delays. On June 15, 1529 the legatine court opened at Blackfriars in London. Henry and Catherine were both called to appear. When Catherine was called into court, she kneeled at Henrys feet and begged of him to have mercy on her. She pleaded with him on how she had been a wonderful wife to him and she did not understand his reasoning to get rid of her as his wife. She meant the things she said to him but she also wanted to show the court that she did not agree with what Henry was trying to accomplish. The legatine court in London was not successful and the proceedings were also called back to Rome. However, the court in Rome was not successful either. No matter how many things that Henry tried to turn around and justify to prove his argument, they did not work. Eventually, Henry went ahead and married Anne Boelyn according to his own opinion without the consent of the pope. Of course, this did not make things any brighter with the Pope or the church heads. On August 8, 1533 Pope Clement VII issued a bull commanding Henry to restore Catherine as his ife and put away Anne in ten days or he would suffer excommunication. If he didnt comply, then the support of Charles V, all other Christian princes, and Henrys own subjects would be called upon to carry out the terms of the bull by force of arms. After this, Henry seperated from the Catholic Church, because it would not allow the divorce, and formed his own church in which he was the head of it. This way he could do whatever he wanted. Henrys great matter had turned into a matter that affected the entire country of England and probably all of Europe.