empowerment is essential to increase productivity among employee - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 6 Words: 1765 Downloads: 10 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Statistics Essay Did you like this example? 1.Preliminary title: Empowerment is essential to increase productivity among employee. 2.Research purpose: The out come of employee empowerment in service industry can bring long-term success. The purpose of this research is to analysis and achieves depth knowledge and understanding on employee empowerment in the context of service industry by comparing the perspective of manager and employee. And provide suggestions to service industry how to gain more productively through empower the employee. This result will be obtained by testing the efficiency of the employee empowerment variables. The earlier discussion on employee empowerment in the service industry has lead to the main research question. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "empowerment is essential to increase productivity among employee" essay for you Create order How employee can be empowered for increasing productivity? What competitive advantage employee empowerment can bring for the company? 3.Rational On this era, the arrival of an information-based, knowledge-intensive, service driven economy has forced a massive of change on companies worldwide, most dramatically in the way they must redefine their relationship with their employees (Bartlett 2002). Hill and Huq (2004) argued that specifically, it emanated from the realization that traditional hierarchical command and control organizations were struggling to meet the growing demands for flexibility and demands for flexibility and quality. The employees respond most excellent and creatively not when management does tightly control them, placed in narrowly defined job and treated like unwelcoming necessity. But instead, when they are given broader responsibilities, and encouraged to contribute and help to take satisfaction in their jobs (Walton 1985). Thats why now a day, employee of organization and how management manages them are becoming more important because many other source of competitive success is less powerful than they o nce were. Traditional sources of success- technology, protected or regulated market, access to financial resource and economies of scale can still provide competitive advantage, but to a lesser degree now than in the past, leaving organizational culture and capabilities, derived from how people are managed, as comparatively more vital (Henry and Maryle, 2002). As, organizations sustainable competitive advantage is its people that why management need to engage all the human resource to active companys long time success. In the modern world Empowerment is one of the key tools, which a manager can use frequently to involve and manage organizations people to achieve competitive advantage. As Campbell (2009,p8) pointed out that People are your most valuable asset. To get the most out of employees, empower is essential. 4.Literature review: 4.1.What is employee empowerment? The aim of Empowerment to create a culture where employee have freedom to express themselves and have the liberty to make decisions about how they work, where there is always the opportunity to give constructive feedback, and where everyone is equal and approachable (Beaven 2009). So Empowerment implies give up central control, which will encourage speed, flexibility and determination of the employee. According to Campbell (2009), main meaning of empower employees is to give up some aspects of control. In return for giving up that control, managers will have more scope and time to look at the big picture and engage in strategic thinking. Styhre (2001) illustrated that empowermentis depicted by its proponents as the common denominator for recent managerial techniques and activities that acknowledge the individual employee as an intelligent, accountable, creative being, and therefore a productive resource for the company. Lashley (1997) argued that it is intended that through empowerme nt employees will be more committed to successful service encounters and will have the necessary discretion and autonomy to do whatever is needed to satisfy the customer. 4.2 .How to apply empowerment to increase productivity among employee? Different organizations choose to empower their employees to different degrees; at the lowest level empowerment the employee has no autonomy to take decision. On the other hand, at the highest level the employee is given decision-making authority and can control their own performances( Daft ,2001). All these employees are often able to affect organizational goals, structure, as well as reward systems. In order to empower employees, four different factors are Important. Those different factor work as an element to empower employee. Which will give the employees space to act more independently in accomplishing their jobs. According to Daft (2000) those are: information, knowledge, power and rewards. Information: In any organizations where the employees are fully empowered, no information about the company is held secret for employee. Thats why employees must receive every information about the performance of the company. 2.Knowledge: Before and after empowering employees every company need to give training for increasing knowledge and skills of employee. Which build up their problem solving decision-making capability. As by having power of knowledge and skills, an employee can be able to contribute to the goals of the company. Power: To make substantial decisions, employees must have the power. Which will increase employee involvement, confidante. Rewarding: The employees need to get rewarded on the basis their performances and companys performance. The employees can be more committed towards the company by having true appreciation through psychologically and physically. 4.3.Advantages: According to the literature, empowerment bring many positive result for the company like, quicker response to customer, communication and teamwork, employee satisfaction and increase their working value, reduce costs and economic profits, involvement, customer satisfaction/ recovery, increased employee efficiency, customer loyalty and new innovative idea for the organization (Campbell, 2009; Beaven, 2009; Bowen Lawler, 2002; Styhre ,2001; Lashley, 1997). Empowered employee is more productive, psychologically and physically healthy, proactive and innovative, persistent in the work place, trustworthy, interpersonally efficient, intrinsically motivated, and have higher morale and commitment than employee who are not empowered (Whitten , 2007). Earlier literature review has illustrated that empowerment can play a very vital rule in order to increases productivity among employees. Research need to be taken in order to gain better understanding this phenomenon on the context of present service industry. Now, research method need to chosen in order to complete the research successfully. 5.Research Methodology 5.1.Research approach Rossman and Rallis (2003) stated that there are two different research methods that are frequently used when researchers are about to conduct research: the qualitative and the quantitative method. A quantitative method is mostly concern with measurements and to generalize the result.This means that qualitative research mostly humanistic research, which makes it possible to interpret as well as understand a phenomenon. The purpose of this research is to analysis and achieves depth knowledge and understanding on employee empowerment in the context of service industry by comparing the perspective of manager and employee. And provide suggestions to service industry to gain more productively through empower the employee. As this is a humanistic research qualitative approach will be very effective to do in-depth investigation. 5.2.Sampling The researcher will select two service-oriented company to carry on sampling process. The reason for exploring different venues is to gather valuable data from different source. The method of contact to manager of relevant company for arranging interview session with manager and employee will through face-to-face, phone, or e-mail. 5.3.Data collection method According to Silverman (2001), there are four main methods used in qualitative research are: Observation Analyzing texts and documents Interviews Recordings and transcribing. The data will be conducted for the research in two distinct stages by the researcher to carry on this research. A short period of observation there will be done in the first stage. Marshall and Rossman (1999) demonstrated that observation entails the systematic nothing and recording of events, behaviours and artifact (objects) in the social setting chose for the study. At the second stage of the data collection will be involved a series of semi-structured, in-depth face to face interview with employee and manager with in selected organization. 5.4.Data analysis procedures: Marshall and Rossman (1999) suggest that data analysis is the process of bringing order, structure and interpretation to the mass of collected data. Miles (1994) have demonstrated two models for analysis. The first one is researcher can analyze a separate case (within-case analysis). Then presents results by creating tables, checklists and matrix around collected, qualitative data by comparing the theory with empirical data in these tables and checklists. It will be easy to see similarities and differences on this model. At The second model, the researcher compares the results from different cases in a cross-case analysis. Researcher will follow the first model where comparison will be made between literature and empirical data which be collected from manager and employee. The comparison will be done in order to identify patterns that would similar or different from the theory or literature. 5.5.Data capture At the time of depth face-to-face interviews with interviewees, research will use voice recorder that he can give more attention on interview. Then researcher will transcribe date fordata analysis procedure, it has probable that the result would bring more accuracy. 5.6.Reliability and validity To ensure reliability and validity, every face-to-face interview will be recorded and transcribed. Silverman, D (2001) argued that the quality of recording and transcripts has important implications on the reliability of conversation analytical research. For this reason, every transcription will be coded. 5.7.Proposed time schedule Assuming 12 weeks of period has allocated for conducting this masters research. Following this a proposed time schedule would be as follow: Period Activity 1st 2 week Initial literature review Next 2 week Complete participant observation Next 4 week Arrange and conduct interviews; transcribe and analyse interview data Next 2 Literature and further analysis of data Rest of the week Write up and submit completed thesis Reference: Bartlett, Christopher A., Ghoshal and Sumantra (2002). BuildingCompetitiveAdvantage ThroughPeople. MIT Sloan Management Review. Vol. 43 Issue 2.pp.34-41. Beaven, D.2009. People make the difference.Logistics Transport Focus. Vol. 11 Issue 6, pp45-47. Bowen, D.E. and Lawler, E.E. 2002. The empowerment of service workers: What, why, how and when. In: Henry. J and Mayle.D.ed. Managing innovation and change, Open University Business School, in association with sage, pp.243-273. Campbell, G.2009.Employee Empowerment. Quality.Vol.48 Issue 4, p 8. Daft, R. 2001. Organization Theory and Design, 7th Edition. South-Western College. Thompson Learning. Henry, J., Mayle, D.2002. Managing innovation and change. Open University Business School, in association with SAGE.pp61-73. Hill, F., Huq, R.2004. Employee Empowerment: Conceptualizations, Aims and Outcomes. Total Quality Management and Business Excellence, Vol. 15 Issue 8, pp1025-1041. Lashley, C.1999.Empowering service excellence in service. London: Cassell Publications. Miles, M.1994.Qualitative data analysis: an expanded sourcebook / Matthew B Miles. : Sage Publications, Inc. Marshall, C. and Rossman, G.B .1999. Designing Qualitative Research. 3rd Ed.London; Sage Publications. Rossman, B. G. Rallis F. S. 2003. Learning in the Field: An Introduction to Qualitative Research.2nd ed. California: Sage Publications, Inc. Silverman, D .2001. Interpreting Qualitative data, Methods for Analyzing talk text and Interaction. 2nd Ed.sage London, p.14. Walton, Richard E.1985. Fromcontroltocommitmentintheworkplace. Harvard Business Review, Vol. 63 Issue 2. pp77-84. Whetten, David A and Cameron, Kim S.2008. Developing management skills. 7th edition, Prentice hall.

Slaughterhouse Five The Atypical Novel - 1044 Words

Slaughterhouse Five: the Atypical Novel Most great novels traditionally have one dynamic character with a strong personality that embarks on a prolonged pilgrimage. This character s demeanor or life is changed forever as a result of an event or obstacle they are forced to overcome. However; Kurt Vonnegut s Slaughterhouse Five breaks the mold of a traditional novel and blazes forward in a new and bizarre path. He uses a diverse cast of subordinate characters to make certain symbolic representations. Roland Weary, Paul Lazaro, and Edgar Derby are three minor characters in the story; while different they serve to demonstrate the ideas of hatred, greed, and patriotism. Hatred is a poison constantly polluting the thoughts and actions of society and its inhabitants. As a result, hatred plays a big symbolic role in the book. Two characters act to personify hatred; these characters are Roland Weary and Paul Lazaro. An ever-burning hatred influences both men s behavior. Weary’s animosity stems from the treatment he received during his younger years. In his youth, â€Å"He was unpopular because he was stupid and fat and mean, and he smelled like bacon no matter how much he washed(Vonnegut 44), causing other local kids to pick on and ditch him. The relentless mistreatment of his peers forced him to make a coping mechanism that involved his preying on those who were weaker than him. This coping mechanism followed him even through the war. During the war, he met two scouts and formed an

International Advertising free essay sample

Advertising spending is on the rise, as study a show that in the US, $1 billion was spent on advertising during 2006 alone. A review built by the accounting firm PricewaterhouseCoopers that same year stated that the worldwide advertising expenditure was at $billion. What is Global Advertising? Terminology such as international, global, export and multinational has caused some problems when mentioned along with advertising. Some of this is due to the facts that that some organizations produce and market their products in a range of countries and have some form of subsidiaries there. This has caused some of them to focus solely on export from their home country or the country of manufacture, some impasses perform their marketing abroad largely through franchisees and licensees; whilst some engage in both forms together. Global advertising is therefore defined as the advertising activities of any profit or non-profit organization in more than one country. (http://en. Wisped. Erg/wick/ Advertising#Gibbon_advertising) Factors That Affect Global Advertising Standardization Vs. Customization This is a problematic issue that organizations face whether to standardize their advertisements to a single message for all the countries they advertise, r try and adapt them in so they can be tolerated and meet the requirements of the variety of markets globally. Standardization Standardization is about considering the world as one whole market, ignoring the fact that there could be cultural, national and regional differences, and advertising a companys message in the same manner in all countries.By doing this they are targeting similar consumers in each state, all with similar buying trends and attitudes. There are a few advantages of this approach, one being that it doesnt need that much if any advertising research in imprison to customization, which in turn is cheaper to manage, and requires less work to be done overall. This means that one message is used to transpire a companys message. Arguments that are for this include: -In recent times the world seems to be adapting to similar lifestyles and behaviors. This is very common in developed countries.However, countries like India and China have even adapted to more westernizes living traits, especially in their main developed cities. This shows that in International Marketing, peoples lifestyles and behaviors are important factors to consider. The worlds population is now seemingly becoming more and more similar in terms of living traits, especially in the more developed countries, which could come to benefit marketers where they can market similar products and services without having to tailor it. The world we live in continues to urbanism, so more and more people are moving from bucolic areas into cities to work.This allows them to implement similar attitudes and lifestyles to each other, even though they may live in different states. This again shows that people are now moving out of rural areas to cities, where hey work in similar environments to people all around the world. The world is becoming similar in this aspect and in terms of International Marketing it shows that marketers consider this a beneficial as people are now more likely to develop similar trends. Media has now become much internationaliza tion, which has in turn given people similar outlooks, even though they live in different countries. The youth culture, for example, is similar across different countries. This is because they all seem to read the same magazines, watch the same programmed or movies, and dress up similarly too. This eventually grows with them, as they take these similarities in to their later life, so they will end up following these similar trends. This is beneficial to companies, as it could help in the development in their international marketing strategies. The youth are the adults of tomorrow, so companies like Pepsi like to focus on the youth as they will end up being the adults, hopefully taking the mindset of purchasing the product with them.An example of standardization is that of Red Bull, who worldwide use the same adverts and slogans, which is that Red Bull gives you wings! This is because there is a similar target market as they are seeking middle-class individuals, teens to adults, to buy the product. Another example is that Of Birdseed Fish-fingers which use the same Captain Birdseed c haracter in all of their commercials worldwide. This is due to the fact that it is culturally respectful, and is inoffensive to people religious beliefs or a governments political agenda.The only aspect that changes in these commercials is the language voice-over. In terms of international marketing, standardization is an important factor, which many organizations choose to SE in advertising promotion and production. This is due to the fact that it is a much cheaper tool to use, and is less time consuming and complicated as they only have to create one or two approaches to market penetration. An example of standardization in production side of marketing is Range-Rover, who produces the same type of cars for countries worldwide.Customization Customization is the opposite of standardization, basically considering that there are factors in different markets, especially in international markets that force companies to adapt their product or campaign to a different country or racket segment. The main problem with customization is that it would cost more due to the fact that adverts would have to be modified for the different market segments. These are the factors to why customization should be used in international advertising: Cultural differences between the countries. This could be due to their way of living or religious beliefs.Countries in the middle-east for example, have different culture views on women in society, where they are not allowed to dress indecently. Commercial like LOreal, which use women to promote their shampoos, would not go well with some f the people living there. That commercial may do something called changes in symbols, which means changing (in this circumstance) a woman to a man to promote their products. Because International Marketing is about what a company performs in markets outside its core region, culture is a main aspect they always have to take in consideration.Knowing the cultures of different regions could help create a desire for a product. In 1 998, Coca Cola made a commercial directed at the Muslims, who fast for a month called Ramadan. This commercial was shown in all Islamic countries, showing the importance f charity, which was of collective importance to all Islamic regions. Coca Colas agency, McCann Erickson, used their marketing strategies to help them understand the culture behind Ramadan, and used that to tailor an advertisement. Complications in language translation.It isnt always easy to just simply translate what an advert is saying as it could then have a whole different meaning. This is why firms should always check with the correct people, if the correct message is being put across. Pepsi -Cola, for example, founds that its slogan Come alive, youre the Pepsi Generation had a impolitely different meaning when translated into some countries, laying the slogan across as Pepsi brings you back from the dead! Language translations should be done with caution in marketing. They should be monitored and checked by the right people that the message portrays what a company is trying to mention. Mediumistic had to rename its Pagers model in Spain, because when translated it meant a masturbating man. They renamed the model to Mentor. Lack of media coverage. In some countries, the media costs are higher, and the information needed for the media was poor. Advertisers relying on television advertisements may have to rethink their strategy when going to countries like Sweden, where they dont have commercial television.In Denmark, where they have recently allowed television advertising, the media cost were extremely high. Sometimes the wait for a position on the advertising stage takes a while, and they have to wait, which can particularly be negative especially if marketing a product for a particular season, I. E. Christmas. This shows the reliance of marketers on having to do some market research before they go into unknown territories. This will in turn help in the development in their marketing strategies, where they can achieve their goal in persuading a customer to buy a particular brand or product. Political Issues. This is critical to organizations, as they could end up facing legal action or more if they disobey laws and regulations on advertising set by countries. Some countries for example, in 2002, Tobacco advertising was banned in the ELK, and in 2005, this was spread to the whole of Europe, where tobacco advertising was banned in the print media, radio and the internet. Tobacco companies would have to refrain from using those Edie types, but would have to revert to cinemas, billboards or merchandising.There are also certain countries where it is against the law to criticism your competition in your adverts, so organization would need to be aware if these laws are in place. Politics is important in the practice of International Marketing as it could ensure a companys well-being with the country they are advertising in. They could also refrain from facing legal action, which normally comes with the problem of having to pay hefty fines. They could also be banned from showcasing future adverts or even banning the product as a whole.Customization is probably more effective as a whole in International Marketing. The practice of International Marketing is about marketing across international frontiers so when we think international, we have to consider factors such as culture, religion, language and politics. This is due to the fact that the world is not so homogeneous as we like to think, and even though we may have similar traits, there are some differences which on a whole could mean the difference of whether a marketing strategy works or fails. Conclusion Standardization of advertising is therefore very difficult to carry out.It may seem the better option in terms of saving money on advertisements, but on the long -run it may have an reverse effect as sometimes there are legal restrictions that require changes in the copy or make certain media unavailable, but mostly due to the difference in language, culture, politics or distribution Systems. However, customization should be done with caution. Company sees should ensure that their marketing strategies are properly reviewed and they coul d seek help from large multinational agencies such as Chitchats Chitchats or McCann-Erickson.Advertising is linked to one of the segments of the marketing mix (ups) which is promotion. This is probably the most important segment of it as it is the image of the organization which is put at focus. International Marketing is about expanding the marketing mix into the international stage, so companies do have to consider whether to stick to their current marketing by way of standardizing or consider the factors that come into to place byway of customizing. The practice of International Marketing is all about looking at these factors, and contemplating whether to consider them in their marketing strategies.

The Beat Generation Essay Example For Students

The Beat Generation Essay The beat movement is a literary period born out of World War II. This movement in American Literature has become an important period in the history of literature and society in America. Characterized by personal alienation and contempt for convention, the movement celebrated stylistic freedom and spontaneity. The Beat writers created a new vision of modern life and altered the nature of awareness in America. The Beat Generation was one of the first groups of writers to break down the barriers of traditional literature and set a precedent for future writers with their writing style, their way of life, and by the messages they portrayed. They were the kids dressed in black, hanging out at coffee shops, reading their latest poetry. They protested wars, were drug users, and openly expressed homosexuality, as they expressed every aspect of their life candidly. But, the Beats are best known for their writing style. It was unique for that time to cast aside conventional structures of senten ces and poetry. They used dashes instead of commas and periods; to write the way a person hears speech. Their poetry had a style of its own, unknown to any other groups of poets at the time; no rhyming, no structure, and non-conforming beauty. The Beat writers formed in New York City, started with only a few members, but grew to have an impact on American society, especially in literature and politics, which still lasts today. Jack Kerouac and Allen Ginsberg were the founders of the Beat Generation. They not only started a new style of American literature but ignited the rebellion against social conformity in the 1950s through their poems of social and political criticisms. Ginsbergs work often represents a struggle for spiritual survival in a dehumanized, repressive society. This can be seen in his writing of Howl:I saw the best minds of my generation destroyed by madness, starving hysterical naked, dragging themselves through the Negro streets at dawn looking for an angry fix, angelheaded hipsters burning for the ancient heavenly connection to the starry dynamo in the machinery of night. This poem is sometimes referred to as a violent howl of human anguish. It attacks the forces of conformity and mechanization that Ginsberg believed destroyed the best minds of his generation. This poem has no real structure or rational connection of ideas, and the rules of grammar are abandoned in order to pack imagery into one line. The poem points the way toward a new and better existence, chronicling the pilgrimage of the mad generation toward a reality that is timeless and placeless, holy and eternal. Jack Kerouac was not only a leader of the Beat movement in literature, but also a spokesman. Kerouacs major writings are loosely organized and autobiographical. Many describe his wanderings throughout the United Sates, Mexico, and Europe. Like the other works of Beat writers, Kerouacs novels emphasized spiritual liberation through sex, drugs, and the Asian religion called Zen. According to Kerouac, who was the first writer to use the term Beat Generation, the word beat had various definitions and connotations for the writers. Despair over the beaten state of the individual in mass society, belief in the beatitude, or blessedness of the natural world and in the powers of the beat jazz music and poetry. Later in the 1950s, the term beatnik was referred to the people who held the ideas and attitudes of the Beat writers. Kerouacs most famous novel, On The Road, is an account of several Beat characters that travel across the United States in search of personal fulfillment, living a beaten lifestyle. The novel celebrates the freedom from conventional responsibilities, the emotional intensity of a life of hitchhiking, casual sex, and recreational drug use. This novel was the start of the Beat Generations journey into Americas attention as journalists gave it much press, which for the most part was negative. Many classical and traditional literary scholars and poets disliked this New Art literature and lifestyle that Kerouac wrote about. Poet George Barker comically writes how he feels about Kerouacs works:Now Jack, dear JackThat aint fair wagesFor laboring throughProse that takes agesJust to announceThat Gods and MenOught to StudyThe Book of ZenIf you really thinkSo low of the soulWhy dont you writeOn a toilet roll?However, the Beat poetry and literature that scholars once scorned are now a part of college curricula. The accomplishments of the two original beat writers were not easily acquired. Jack Kerouac and Allen Ginsberg were forced to overcome endless social obs tacles in order to accomplish their journey of liberation. Although these two writers faced much criticism and even severe condemnation, they never once gave into the America that would not listen to them.The Beat Generation writers gave us insight into the attitude and way of life in the sensitive period after World War II. They broke down the boundaries of conventional literature for future writers. The Beat Generation is truly something to applaud for its boldness and addition to the thought of the American mind.STANDARD BIBLIOGRAPHY1999 World Book, Inc. .u0b5bcc7d3ed3ea6e4b71a8d7bc6afe14 , .u0b5bcc7d3ed3ea6e4b71a8d7bc6afe14 .postImageUrl , .u0b5bcc7d3ed3ea6e4b71a8d7bc6afe14 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u0b5bcc7d3ed3ea6e4b71a8d7bc6afe14 , .u0b5bcc7d3ed3ea6e4b71a8d7bc6afe14:hover , .u0b5bcc7d3ed3ea6e4b71a8d7bc6afe14:visited , .u0b5bcc7d3ed3ea6e4b71a8d7bc6afe14:active { border:0!important; } .u0b5bcc7d3ed3ea6e4b71a8d7bc6afe14 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u0b5bcc7d3ed3ea6e4b71a8d7bc6afe14 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u0b5bcc7d3ed3ea6e4b71a8d7bc6afe14:active , .u0b5bcc7d3ed3ea6e4b71a8d7bc6afe14:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u0b5bcc7d3ed3ea6e4b71a8d7bc6afe14 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u0b5bcc7d3ed3ea6e4b71a8d7bc6afe14 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u0b5bcc7d3ed3ea6e4b71a8d7bc6afe14 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u0b5bcc7d3ed3ea6e4b71a8d7bc6afe14 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u0b5bcc7d3ed3ea6e4b71a8d7bc6afe14:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u0b5bcc7d3ed3ea6e4b71a8d7bc6afe14 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u0b5bcc7d3ed3ea6e4b71a8d7bc6afe14 .u0b5bcc7d3ed3ea6e4b71a8d7bc6afe14-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u0b5bcc7d3ed3ea6e4b71a8d7bc6afe14:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Survey Of Romantic Versus Realism Paintings Essay PaperThis Is The Beat Generation, http://www.charm.net/~brooklyn/Texts/ThisIsBeatGen.html. Beat Movement, http://people.tamu.edu./~alethaa/beat.html